Paltering da Kalaman Weasel: Gane Gaskiyar Yaudara

Paltering shine amfani da gaskiya don ƙirƙirar ƙarya — yaudara ba tare da kowanne ƙarya ba. An tsara ra'ayin a cikin takardar 2017 ta Journal of Personality and Social Psychology da Rogers, Zeckhauser, Gino, Norton da Schweitzer ('Artful Paltering'), wanda ya gano a cikin gwaje-gwaje guda biyu da guda shida cewa paltering yana yawan faruwa a cikin tattaunawa: fiye da rabin daga cikin shugabannin kasuwanci 184 da aka bincika sun amince da yin hakan. Mafi kyawun sakamakon binciken shine gibin fahimta — palterers suna hukunta kansu bisa ga gaskiyar ma'ana ('Na faɗi gaskiya') yayin da masu nufi ke hukunta bisa ga tasirin da aka isar ('An yaudare ni'), kuma paltering a matsayin amsa ga tambaya kai tsaye ana hukunta shi musamman a matsayin rashin ɗabi'a. Kalaman weasel suna cikin kayan aikin paltering: 'wasu suna cewa', 'an ba da shawara', 'watakila' — gina-ginan da ke tabbatar da ba tare da mai shi ba; an ƙirƙiri wannan jimla a cikin labarin Stewart Chaplin na 1900 a mujallar Century a matsayin 'kalamai da ke shan dukkan rayuwa daga kalmomin da ke kusa da su', wanda Theodore Roosevelt ya shahara da shi a 1916, wanda daga bisani ya yi ikirarin ya ƙirƙiri shi da kansa a 1879. Counter na tsari shine tambaya kai tsaye a kan rikodi: a cikin jerin tambayoyi da amsoshi na muhawara, ana duba ikirari a matsayin ikirari, matakin tantance ƙalubale yana tambayar abin da wata magana ke nufi maimakon kawai abin da take faɗi, kuma amsoshin guje-guje ga tambayoyi kai tsaye suna bayyana — wanda shine ainihin inda binciken ke cewa paltering yana da tsada mafi yawa.

Tattaunawa kan Zamba

Paltering da Kalaman Weasel

Kowane jumla gaskiya; ra'ayin karya. Fasahar yin karya ba tare da karya ba, binciken da ya auna shi — da tambayar kai tsaye a kan rikodi cewa ba zai iya tsira ba.

TL;DR

Paltering yana jawo rudani tare da bayanai da suka kasance daidai a fasaha; kalmomin weasel suna zama kayan aikin da ba su da mai.

  • •An tabbatar da shi a cikin wani bincike na JPSP da Harvard ta jagoranta a 2017: fiye da rabin daga cikin shugabannin 184 sun amsa cewa suna yin paltering a cikin tattaunawa.
  • •Rashin fahimta shine injin: masu yaudara suna tunanin "Na faɗi gaskiya"; masu nufi suna tunanin "An yaudare ni" — duka suna da gaskiya.
  • •"Kalmar weasel" an kirkiro ta a cikin labarin gajere na 1900; Roosevelt ya shahara da ita a 1916 — sannan ya yi ikirarin cewa ya kirkiro ta a 1879.
  • •Tsarin ƙin amsa: tambayoyi kai tsaye a kan rikodi — inda binciken ya ce ana hukunta paltering da tsanani.

Karya ba tare da ƙarya ba

"Shin hijirar ta tafi daidai?" — "Mun cimma kowanne mataki a kan jadawalin." Gaskiya. Haka nan: an sake duba jadawalin sau biyu, kuma abubuwan asarar bayanai guda biyu ba su kasance matakai ba. Babu abin karya da aka faɗa; an gabatar da hoton karya. Wannan yana nufin yin wasa da gaskiya — yaudara da aka gina gaba ɗaya daga gaskiyoyi da aka zaɓa.

Wani ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Makarantar Harvard Kennedy, Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard da Wharton — Rogers, Zeckhauser, Gino, Norton da Schweitzer — sun tsara ra'ayin a cikin wani takarda na 2017 a Jaridar Halayen Dan Adam da Harkokin Zamani, 'Artful Paltering'. A cikin binciken gwaji guda biyu da gwaje-gwaje guda shida, sun tabbatar da shi a matsayin wani nau'in yaudara na musamman, wanda ke tsakanin ƙarya ta hanyar aikatawa da ƙarya ta hanyar rashin faɗi: ba faɗin wani abu ƙarya ba, ba zama shiru ba, amma a cikin aiki suna jagorantar tare da gaskiya.

Lambar taken: fiye da rabi na shugabannin kasuwanci 184 da aka yi wa bincike sun amince da yin juyayi a cikin tattaunawarsu — kuma da yawa sun fi son hakan fiye da yin karya kai tsaye, musamman saboda yana jin kamar gaskiya daga ciki.

Rashin fahimta da ke motsa shi

Mafi kyawun binciken karatun ba shine yawan faruwar sa ba — amma asimetrin hukunci. Masu yaudara suna tantance kansu ta hanyar gaskiyar kalmomin su: Na faɗi gaskiya. Masu nufi suna tantancewa ta hanyar tasirin da aka isar: An yaudare ni. Duka suna daidai, wanda shine dalilin da yasa masu yaudara ke jin tsabta yayin da sunayensu ke ƙone a hankali: a cikin gwaje-gwajen, gano yaudara ya lalata amana kuma ya ƙara tsayawa a cikin tattaunawar nan gaba kusan kamar yadda ƙarya kai tsaye take.

Wani bincike na ƙarshe yana da mahimmanci ga ƙididdiga: abubuwan da aka yi hukunci a matsayin ƙarya musamman marar ɗabi'a lokacin da ya amsa tambaya kai tsaye, a kan na zuwa ba tare da an yi tambaya ba. Ka bayar da gaskiya da aka zaɓa kuma kana juyawa; ka yi amfani da ita don guje wa tambaya kai tsaye kuma a idon abokin ka, kana kawai ƙarya tare da ƙarin matakai. Ka tuna da wannan rashin daidaito — tsarin ƙididdiga yana ginu akan shi.

Kalaman weasel: ikirarin da ba shi da mai shi

Idan paltering shine fasahar, kalmomin weasel sune sassan da aka samar da yawa: wasu suna cewa… an bayar da shawara… bincike sun nuna… watakila… da yawa suna yarda… Kowanne gina yana bayar da ikirari tare da mai shi an cire shi da tiyata — ikirari ba tare da alhakin ba, ra'ayi ba tare da nauyin shaidar ba.

Jimlar tana da tarihi mai inganci da dadi. An kirkiro ta a cikin labarin gajeren zango na Stewart Chaplin na 1900 'Dandalin Siyasa na Gilashin da aka Kwashe' a mujallar The Century — 'kalaman weasel kalmomi ne da ke shan dukkan rayuwa daga kalmomin da ke kusa da su, kamar yadda weasel ke shan kwai yana barin kwangila.' Theodore Roosevelt ya shahara da ita a cikin wani takarda a 1916 kan rashin tabbas na siyasa — sannan, lokacin da New York Times ta gano jimlar zuwa ga Chaplin, ta yi ikirarin cewa shi ne ya kirkiro ta a kansa a 1879. Mijin da ya shahara da wannan kalma don gujewa daukar nauyi ya guji daukar nauyi don kalmar.

Gane gaskiya cikin yaudara

  • ✗Tsananin shakku na iyaka — wannan bayani gaskiya ne game da takamaiman ɓangaren da aka ambata kuma yana shiru game da sauran ("kai kowane mataki a kan lokaci").
  • ✗Samun kayan da ba su da mai — "wasu suna cewa", "an fahimta", " akwai damuwa": ikirarin da ba wanda zai tambaya.
  • ✗Tambayar kai tsaye tana karkata — an yi ta a fili, amsar tana amsa wani abu kusa.
  • ✗Tsarin kare gaskiya a kan layi — an kalubalanta, amsar ita ce "komai da na fada gaskiya ne", ba "ra'ayin da na bayar ya dace ba".

Counter ɗin

Binciken ya ba mu amsar kai tsaye: yin jita-jita yana bunƙasa a cikin rashin tabbas kuma yana mutuwa a ƙarƙashin tambayoyi kai tsaye — inda ma'aikatan sa ma abokan aikinsu ke hukunta shi a matsayin ƙarya. Don haka ka yi tambayar kai tsaye, a rubuce: "Shin akwai abubuwan da jerin manyan abubuwan ba su rufe ba?" Kuma lokacin da aka kawo ginin weasel, dawo da mai shi: "Waye ya ce? Shin wannan ikirarin naka ne?"

Tsarin ƙididdiga

Tattaunawa a matakin hujja na'ura ce don wannan. Kwatancen ana duba su kamar kwatance: matakin kalubalantar tunani yana tambayar abin da wata sanarwa ke nufi, ba kawai abin da take faɗi ba, kuma silsilolin Q&A suna sanya tambayoyi kai tsaye a cikin rajista tare da masu mallakar da kuma halin rufewa — wurin da binciken JPSP ya gano cewa ana hukunta yin jita-jita mafi tsanani kuma yana da tsada sosai. Tsarin weasel ba ya fi kyau ba: node yana buƙatar mai mallaka da goyon baya, kuma "wasu suna cewa" ba ya bayar da duka biyun. Gaskiyoyin da aka zaɓa suna tsira a cikin hanyoyi; a shafin, zaɓin kansa yana bayyana.

Inda yake haɗuwa

Paltering shine mamban gaskiya mai siffar ɓoyayye: tambayoyi masu nauyi suna ɓoye ikirarin a cikin tambaya, kalmomin weasel suna cire mai shi, paltering yana gina hoton ƙarya daga sassa na gaskiya. Wasan fagen sa suna gudana akan wannan na'ura mai zaɓi iri ɗaya da cherry-picking (duba yanke shawara bisa bayanai), kuma ɗan uwansa a matakin ƙamus shine yaren da aka ɗora a cikin jagorar fagen. Hukuncin mai amfani da kai "Na faɗi gaskiya" shine hujja mai motsa jiki tana yin aikinta a hankali.

Tambayoyi da ake yawan yi

Ta yaya za ka kare kanka daga paltering?

Tambayoyi kai tsaye, a rubuce. Karya tana rayuwa a cikin rashin tabbas da tambayoyin da ba a yi ba; tana mutuwa lokacin da tambaya mai kyau ta kasance a cikin rajista — 'shin akwai abubuwan da jerin manyan abubuwan ba su rufe ba?' — saboda guje wa tambaya kai tsaye da aka rubuta yana bayyana, kuma binciken yana nuna cewa ana hukunta hakan a matsayin karya. Tsarin tambayoyi da amsoshi yana sanya hakan zama na al'ada.

Menene paltering?

Aiki da gangan wajen yaudarar tare da bayanai da suka dace da gaskiya — yaudarar da aka gina daga gaskiyoyi da aka zaɓa maimakon ƙarya. An tsara wannan kalma a cikin wani takarda na 2017 daga Jaridar Halayen Mutum da Ilimin Zamani ta masu bincike daga Harvard da Wharton, waɗanda suka gano cewa fiye da rabin daga cikin shugabannin 184 da aka yi bincike da su sun amince da yin hakan a cikin tattaunawa.

Shin yin paltering yana da mummunan tasiri kamar karya?

Ga mai juyin magana, a'a — kowanne jimla gaskiya ce. Ga wanda aka nufa, eh: binciken ya gano cewa mutane da suka gano cewa an yi musu juyin magana suna hukunta mai juyin magana kusan da tsanani kamar mai karya, suna yawan amincewa da su kadan bayan haka, kuma suna hukunta wannan mataki musamman a matsayin rashin gaskiya lokacin da ya amsa tambaya kai tsaye. A fannin suna, ragin don gaskiyar fasaha yana kusa da sifili.

Menene kalmomin weasel?

Gine-ginen da ke tabbatar da ba tare da mai su ba — 'wasu suna cewa', 'an bayar da shawara', 'bincike sun nuna'. An kirkiro su a cikin labarin mujallar Century na 1900 a matsayin kalmomi da 'suck the life out of the words next to them', wanda Theodore Roosevelt ya shahara da shi a 1916 — wanda daga bisani ya ce ya kirkiro wannan furucin da kansa a 1879. Abin da ke akasin wannan shine dawo da mai: wanene ke cewa?

Karin zamba

Gish Gallop

Nasara ta hanyar cika: karin korafe-korafe fiye da wanda zai iya amsa, an isar da su cikin sauri fiye da wanda zai iya duba. An sanya suna bisa ga mai kirkira; an yi nasara da node guda daya a kowanne korafi.

Me game da shi?

"Amma me game da—" a matsayin hanya don kada a amsa zargin da gaske. Ka'ida ta Yakin Cacar Baki tare da tushen shekaru dari; an kayar da ita ta hanyar tambayar da aka tsara.

Motte-da-Bailey

Tashi da wannan ikirarin mai karfi; koma ga wanda ya fi tsaro a cikin wuta; sake tashi lokacin da gabar ta bayyana. An haife shi a cikin mujallar falsafa; an sha kashi daga rubutaccen tarihin.

Sealioning

Cikakken ladabi, mai juriya ba tare da iyaka ba, ba ya gamsu. Ladabi mai tasiri, wanda aka sanya suna ta wani zane-zane na 2014; an kayar da shi ta hanyar rufewa.

Canza Makarantar Manufa

Sadu da sandar kuma sandar tana motsi. Hanyar canza ka'idoji; an yi nasara ta hanyar ka'idojin nasara da aka dora a cikin rubutaccen tarihin.

Red Herring

Hankalin da ba ya dace da abin da ke faruwa a cikin dakin — an sanya masa suna bisa ga tatsuniyar horar da kare. An yi nasara a kan tambayar da aka yi wa kwalliya.

Tambayoyi Masu Nauyi & JAQing

Tambayoyi da ke hukunta duk abin da ka amsa, da ikirarin da ke dauke da tambayoyin alama. An yi nasara ta hanyar tunanin da za a iya kalubaleta.

Tsarin Kula da Muryar mutane

“Zan saurari idan ba ka yi fushi haka ba.” Ikon hana isar da abun ciki — an yi nasara ta hanyar kimantawa da ba su duba yanayi ba.

Gaslighting a Wurin Aiki

"Wannan ba ta taba faruwa ba." Gyaran gaskiya a cikin ƙungiyoyi — an ƙin amincewa da rikodin, tare da iyakokin gaskiya da aka bayyana.

Tambayi tambayar kai tsaye — a kan rikodi

A cikin Argumentree, iklima suna dauke da masu mallakar da tambayoyi kai tsaye suna dauke da halin rufewa. Gaskiyoyin da aka zaɓa suna rayuwa a cikin hanyoyi, ba a shafin ba.

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