Karya Motte-da-Bailey: Gane da Kwatanta Juyin Dabaru

Kuskuren motte-da-bailey yana haɗa nau'ikan ra'ayi guda biyu: wani ikirari mai ƙarfi, mai kyau, wanda ba a iya karewa (bailey) da wani mai sauƙi, mai lafiya, wanda za a iya karewa (motte). Mai jayayya yana gabatar da bailey; a ƙarƙashin ƙalubale, yana insisting cewa kawai yana nufin motte; kuma yana sake komawa ga bailey da zarar matsin lamba ya wuce. Filozof Nicholas Shackel ya ƙirƙiri wannan kalmar a 2005, yana mai suna bayan ƙirar ƙasar ƙasar zamani — wani motte na dutse mai kariya a gefen ƙasar noma mai kyau amma a buɗe — kuma ya nufa a asali ga jayayya ta ilimi, gami da tattaunawar postmodernist; misalinsa na kansa shine 'dabi'a an gina ta cikin al'umma', inda motte shine cewa ra'ayoyi game da dabi'a suna da tasiri daga al'umma kuma bailey shine cewa babu daidai da kuskure. A cikin tattaunawa mai sauri, ba tare da rikodi ba, wannan dabarar tana aiki saboda babu wanda zai iya nuna wanne nau'in aka tabbatar da gaske. Kwatancen tsarin shine rikodi: a cikin tattaunawar matakin jayayya, matsayin suna rubutattun nodes tare da tarihi, ƙalubale suna haɗe da nau'in da aka yi ainihin, kuma juyawa daga bailey zuwa motte yana zama bambanci mai bayyana maimakon tunani mai iya musantawa.

Tattaunawa kan Zamba

Motte-da-Bailey

Ci gaba da wannan ikirarin mai karfi. Komawa ga wanda ya fi tsaro idan an kalubalanci. Sake ci gaba lokacin da gabar ta bayyana. Juyin dabaru — da kuma tarihin da ke bayyana shi.

TL;DR

Motte-da-bailey na gudanar da nau'i biyu na wani matsayi: ikirarin jarumta da kake so, da kuma ikirarin tsaro da zaka iya karewa.

  • •An ƙirƙira ta mai falsafa Nicholas Shackel a 2005 — a cikin mujallar falsafa, wanda aka nufa da muhawara ta ilimi, ba muhawara ta intanet ba.
  • •An sanya suna bisa ga kafun zamanin tsaka: filin noma mai kyau (bailey), dutsen kariya mai tsaro (motte).
  • •Alamar ita ce tafi da dawowa: bailey → kalubale → motte → matsin lamba ya wuce → bailey sake.
  • •Counter na tsari: matsayi da aka rubuta tare da tarihi — juyawa yana da bambanci mai bayyana, kuma kalubale suna ci gaba da kasancewa tare da ikirarin da aka yi.

Kasar, da dabarar

Gidan motte-da-bailey wani tsarin gudanar da hadari ne na zamanin tsaka-tsaki: bailey shine ƙasar da ake samar da abinci inda kake son zama, wanda ba zai iya karewa daga harin da ya tsananta ba; motte kuma shine wani ginin dutse a kan tudu — mai cunkoso, mara amfani, kuma mai tsaro. Kana zaune a cikin bailey kuma kana komawa motte lokacin da masu kai hari suka zo. Lokacin da suka tafi, kana komawa.

Philosopher Nicholas Shackel ya aro zane a 2005 don sanya suna ga wata dabarar muhawara da ya ci gaba da ganowa a cikin rubutun ilimi: marubuci yana gabatar da wani abin mamaki, mai juyin juya hali (bailey); lokacin da mai sukar ya matsa, marubucin yana insisting cewa ikirarin kawai yana da alaƙa da gaskiyar da ba ta da girma (motte); kuma da zarar mai sukar ya tafi cikin jin daɗi, ikirarin mai juyin juya hali yana dawo. Misalin Shackel da kansa: 'dabi'a an gina ta cikin al'umma.' Motte — imaninmu game da dabi'a ana tsara su ta hanyar al'umma — yana da kusan gaskiya. Bailey — babu daidai da kuskure — yana da tasiri mai girma. Dabarar tana ba da damar tasirin ya aro kayan kariya na gaskiyar.

Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin mujallar falsafa da ke sukar masana da aka ambata — Foucault, Bloor, Rorty da salon postmodernist na gaba ɗaya — kuma bayan shekaru goma kawai ta zama gajeren rubutu na intanet. Wannan asalin yana da mahimmanci a kiyaye: wannan ba wata dabara ce ta dandalin tattaunawa ba amma wata hanyar gazawa ta muhawara mai zurfi, wanda shine dalilin da yasa take samun karbuwa a cikin takardun dabaru da tarukan jagoranci. Shackel ya sanya sunan wannan dabarar; bai gano ta ba. Schopenhauer ya lissafa hoton madubi na wannan dabara a kusa da 1831 a matsayin tawaga — yana shimfidawa ikirarin abokin hamayya fiye da komai da zasu kare, sannan yana musanta sigar da aka shimfida. Motte-and-bailey ita ce wannan dabara da aka nufa cikin ciki: mai muhawara yana shimfidawa ikirarin nasa, sannan yana rage shi lokacin da aka kalubalanci.

Yadda yake a wurin aiki

Ayyukan bailey a wurin aiki suna da sauƙin gina saboda ikirarin da ke da burin da kuma ikirarin da ke da tawali'u suna raba kalmomi. 'Muna buƙatar sake tunani gaba ɗaya kan farashinmu' (bailey: a soke tsarin) yana juyawa ƙarƙashin harin CFO zuwa 'Na yi nufin ya kamata mu duba matakan rangwame' (motte) — kuma yana bayyana a cikin takardar watan gobe a matsayin 'kamar yadda aka yarda, muna sake tunani kan farashi.' 'Bayanan suna nuna cewa abokan ciniki suna ƙin shigarwa' (bailey: wani bincike mai ma'auni) yana juyawa zuwa 'Na yi nufin mun sami wasu korafe-korafe' (motte) — kuma mafi ƙarfi version yana dawowa a hankali a cikin QBR.

Lura abin da ke sa wannan dabarar ta yi aiki a dukkanin lokuta: bayyana da janyewa suna faruwa a daki daban-daban, kwanaki masu nisa, ba tare da wani rubutaccen sigar abin da aka yi ikirari ba. Kuskuren ba janyewar bane — gyara ikirari a cikin wuta yana nufin muhawara mai gaskiya. Kuskuren shine tafiya mai zagaye.

Gane tafiyar zagaye

  • ✗Girma guda biyu na wannan jumla — ikirarin yana da girma a cikin gabatarwa kuma yana da tawali'u a cikin karewa, kuma mai magana yana ɗaukar duka biyun a matsayin iri ɗaya.
  • ✗"Duk abin da nake cewa shi ne…" — kalmar alamar taron, tana canza bailey zuwa motte a tsaka-tsakin jumla.
  • ✗Masu sukar sun amsa da motte, shawarwari da aka yanke akan bailey — sigar mai tawali'u tana lashe muhawara, sigar mai karfi tana jagorantar hanyar.
  • ✗Sabon ci gaba — ikirarin jarumta ya dawo, ba tare da rauni ba, lokacin da mai kalubalanci ya bar dakin.

teburin ƙidaya

A cikin tattaunawa, ƙididdiga ita ce magana da fork: sake bayyana duka nau'ikan kuma tambayi wanne ne ake karewa. 'A baya, ikirarin shine a soke-tsarin; yanzu haka shine a duba-matsayi. Wanne ne muke yanke shawara?' Tilasta zaɓin yana rushe dabarar — bailey dole ne ta tsaya da kanta ko a bar ta a hasken rana.

Counter na tsari

Hanyar tana bukatar cewa babu wanda zai iya nuna ikirarin da aka yi. Tsarin hujja da aka rubuta yana cire wannan: matsayin yana zama node, a cikin kalmomin marubucin, tare da tarihin sa. Kalubale suna rataye ga bailey kamar yadda aka rubuta — babu wata hanya mai kyau ta komawa zuwa motte da ba a taba bayyana ba, saboda rajistar tana nuna abin da aka yi. Kuma idan marubucin ya yi gyara da gaske, wannan gyara ne mai bayyana, mai gaskiya a cikin rajistar yanke shawara — wanda shine bambancin da tsarin ke tilasta: gyara a cikin haske maimakon komawa cikin hazo. Ba za ka iya sake tura bailey da itacen har yanzu yana nuna maka ka bar shi.

Inda yake haɗuwa

Motte-and-bailey shine ne hoto na strawman — strawman yana raunana ikrarin abokin hamayya don kai masa hari; motte-and-bailey yana raunana naka ikrarin don kare shi. Yanayin da ke ba shi damar faruwa shine gajimare guda daya da ke ba da karfi ga whataboutism: magana mai sauri, ba a rubuce ba inda nau'ikan ke ɓata. Kuma yarda na masu sauraro don barin gaskiyar ta rufe bombshell yana gudana akan tabbatarwa da na'urar halo — muna ba dukkan matsayin karbuwa daga ɓangaren da za a iya karewa mafi kyau.

Tambayoyi da ake yawan yi

Ta yaya za ka yi wa motte-and-bailey a wurin aiki?

Kwatanta duka nau'ikan kuma tilasta fork: 'Wanne ikirari ne muke yanke shawara — wanda ya yi fice ko wanda ya yi tawali'u?' A cikin tattaunawa mai tsari, martani yana faruwa kai tsaye: matsayin suna nodes da tarihin su, don haka kalubale suna hade da ikirarin da aka yi, kuma kowanne juyawa yana zama gyara mai bayyana maimakon tunani da ba za a iya musanta ba.

Menene misali mai sauƙi na motte-and-bailey?

Bailey: 'Dole ne mu sake tunani game da farashinmu gaba ɗaya.' A ƙarƙashin ƙin amincewar CFO, ya zama motte: 'Na yi nufin kawai ya kamata mu duba matakan rangwame.' Kayan aikin watan gobe: 'kamar yadda aka yarda, muna sake tunani game da farashi.' Sigar mai ƙarfi tana yin aikin; sigar mai tawali'u tana karewa; tafiyar zagaye ita ce kuskure.

Shin komawa ga ikirarin da ya fi rauni ba kawai muhawara mai gaskiya bane?

Gyara ikirarin da aka yi wa suka yana da gaskiya — idan gyaran ya tsaya. Motte-da-bailey ana bayyana ta da tafiyar zagaye: ikirarin mai karfi yana dawowa, ba tare da rauni ba, lokacin da matsi ya wuce. Juyin hanya guda daya yana sabuntawa; juyin hanya biyu yana zama dabarar.

Ina asalin sunan motte-and-bailey?

Philosopher Nicholas Shackel ya kirkiro da shi a 2005 bayan zane-zanen ƙaura na zamanin tsaka-tsaki: wani dakin dutse mai kariya (motte) a gefen filin noma mai kyau amma a bayyane (bailey). Kana zaune a cikin bailey, kana komawa motte lokacin da ake kai hari, sannan ka dawo lokacin da ya zama lafiya — daidai da tsarin dabarar muhawara.

Karin zamba

Gish Gallop

Nasara ta hanyar cika: karin korafe-korafe fiye da wanda zai iya amsa, an isar da su cikin sauri fiye da wanda zai iya duba. An sanya suna bisa ga mai kirkira; an yi nasara da node guda daya a kowanne korafi.

Me game da shi?

"Amma me game da—" a matsayin hanya don kada a amsa zargin da gaske. Ka'ida ta Yakin Cacar Baki tare da tushen shekaru dari; an kayar da ita ta hanyar tambayar da aka tsara.

Sealioning

Cikakken ladabi, mai juriya ba tare da iyaka ba, ba ya gamsu. Ladabi mai tasiri, wanda aka sanya suna ta wani zane-zane na 2014; an kayar da shi ta hanyar rufewa.

Canza Makarantar Manufa

Sadu da sandar kuma sandar tana motsi. Hanyar canza ka'idoji; an yi nasara ta hanyar ka'idojin nasara da aka dora a cikin rubutaccen tarihin.

Red Herring

Hankalin da ba ya dace da abin da ke faruwa a cikin dakin — an sanya masa suna bisa ga tatsuniyar horar da kare. An yi nasara a kan tambayar da aka yi wa kwalliya.

Tambayoyi Masu Nauyi & JAQing

Tambayoyi da ke hukunta duk abin da ka amsa, da ikirarin da ke dauke da tambayoyin alama. An yi nasara ta hanyar tunanin da za a iya kalubaleta.

Paltering & Weasel Words

Kowane jumla gaskiya, ra'ayi karya — fiye da rabin shugabannin suna amincewa da hakan. An yi nasara a kan tambayoyi kai tsaye a kan rikodi.

Tsarin Kula da Muryar mutane

“Zan saurari idan ba ka yi fushi haka ba.” Ikon hana isar da abun ciki — an yi nasara ta hanyar kimantawa da ba su duba yanayi ba.

Gaslighting a Wurin Aiki

"Wannan ba ta taba faruwa ba." Gyaran gaskiya a cikin ƙungiyoyi — an ƙin amincewa da rikodin, tare da iyakokin gaskiya da aka bayyana.

Matsayi tare da tarihin

A cikin Argumentree, ikirarin wani abu node ne da aka rubuta — an kalubalanta kamar yadda aka yi, an gyara a cikin hasken rana, a kan rikodin. Juyin dabarar ba shi da inda zai ɓoye.

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