Ba ya daukar komai don ƙirƙirar gefe.
A cikin 1971, Henri Tajfel da abokan aikinsa sun wallafa gwajin da ya bayyana fannin. Sun raba mutane zuwa kungiyoyi bisa tushe mafi rauni — aikin kimanta, zaɓi tsakanin masu zane biyu — sannan suka tambaye su su raba lada. Ba a sami tarihi tsakanin kungiyoyin ba, babu gasa, babu hulɗa, kuma babu wani abu da ke cikin haɗari banda raba ladar kanta. Sakamakon, a cikin kalmomin marubutan:
Masu binciken sun fi son kungiyar su a cikin rarraba kyaututtuka da hukunci a cikin yanayi inda babu komai sai canjin rarrabuwa mara mahimmanci wanda ya bambanta tsakanin kungiyar ciki da kungiyar waje.
— Tajfel, Billig, Bundy & Flament, Jaridar Turai ta Ilimin Halayyar Jama'a (1971)
Sakamakon na biyu yana da ban mamaki kuma yana da amfani. Idan aka ba da zaɓi tsakanin ƙara riba ta ƙungiyarsu da kuma ƙara tazara tsakanin ƙungiyoyin, masu jarrabawa sun zaɓi tazara — suna sadaukar da fa'ida ta gaskiya don su ci gaba da zama a gaba. Wannan shine abin da "mu" ke yi ga hukunci ko da "mu" an ƙirƙira shi minti goma da suka wuce ta wani mai bincike tare da takardar rubutu. Yanzu kuyi la'akari da cewa ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyarku suna da sunaye, kasafin kuɗi, tarihin da suka gabata da gasa.
Yaya girma ne, a gaskiya?
Wannan shine inda kyakkyawan rubutu ya kamata ya rage gudu, saboda adadin gaskiya yana ƙasa da abin da labarai ke nuna — kuma siffar sa ta fi muhimmanci fiye da girman sa. Balliet, Wu da De Dreu sun yi nazarin haɗin gwiwar son kai a cikin ƙungiya don Psychological Bulletin a 2014:
Ta hanyar taƙaita shaidun daga bincike-bincike, mun sami ƙaramin zuwa matsakaicin tasiri wanda ke nuna cewa mutane suna da haɗin kai fiye da membobin ƙungiya, idan aka kwatanta da membobin waje (d = 0.32).
Mun sami goyon baya ga ra'ayin cewa bambancin ƙungiyoyi a cikin haɗin kai sakamakon son ƙungiya ne maimakon ƙin ƙungiya.
— Balliet, Wu & De Dreu, Psychological Bulletin (2014)
Karanta wannan jumla ta biyu a matsayin umarnin zane. Idan tsarin ya kasance kin jituwa da wadanda ba su cikin ciki, za ka bukaci rage kiyayya — a hankali, al'adu, mai wahala. Saboda yana zafi ga wadanda ke cikin ciki, makullin yana da bambanci gaba daya: canza wanda ya zama na ciki, kuma wannan tsarin yana fara aiki a gare ka. Za mu dawo kan wannan.
A cikin kamfanoni na gaske, tsarin yana bayyana a cikin bututun.
Rukunan dakin gwaje-gwaje abu ne guda; hanyoyin zaɓin ra'ayi tare da kasafin kuɗi suna da wani abu. Reitzig da Sorenson sun yi nazari kan tsarin tsara dabaru daga ƙasa zuwa sama don Jaridar Gudanar da Dabaru a 2013 kuma sun gano son zuciya inda ya fi tsada - a ƙofar:
Masu kimanta suna da son zuciya ga ra'ayoyin da aka gabatar daga mutane da ke aiki a cikin rukunin da kuma wurin da suke, musamman idan suna cikin ƙananan ko manyan ƙananan rukuni.
— Reitzig & Sorenson, Jaridar Gudanar da Tsare-tsare (2013)
Shekaru goma bayan haka, Schweisfurth da abokan aikinsa sun gano wani axis na biyu a cikin shirin tara kudi na ciki a wani babban masana'anta: masu kimantawa suna ƙara darajar ra'ayoyi daga mutane a matakin su na harkokin mulki. Kuma wannan cuta tana da suna na gargajiya tun kafin kowanne daga cikin binciken. Katz da Allen sun bayyana Not Invented Here a cikin R&D Management a shekarar 1982 a matsayin halayen ƙungiyar aikin da ke da tsayayyen tsari na yarda cewa tana da mallakar ilimi a fannin ta, wanda ke sa ta ƙi ra'ayoyin waje wanda hakan ke shafar aikin ta.
Takardarsu ana yawan yin ikirarin cewa shaidar ce da ke nuna cewa ƙungiyoyi suna ƙin ra'ayoyin waje. Wannan wani bincike ne na haɗin kai na ƙungiyoyi 50 na R&D, kuma abin da ya fito daga gare shi shine wani zane: aikin ya tashi zuwa kusan shekara da rabi na zama ƙungiya, ya tsaya, kuma ya ragu sosai bayan shekaru biyar — wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar raguwar sadarwa duka a cikin ƙungiyar da kuma tare da hanyoyin waje. Hanyar mallakar ilimi ita ce tsarin takardar, ba shaidarta ba. (Kalmar kanta ta wuce su; tana bayyana a cikin takardar digiri na mastan MIT na 1967.)
Yanzu abubuwa guda biyu da ya kamata su hana ka sayen sigar mai sauƙi
Idan wannan rubutun ya ƙare a sama, zai kasance mai kyau kuma kadan ba daidai ba. Sakamakon bincike guda biyu da aka duba sun sabawa labarin da aka zata, kuma daukar su da muhimmanci yana canza abin da ya kamata ka yi a hakikanin gaskiya.
Wannan binciken na ƙarshe shine wanda ya dace a zauna tare da shi, saboda yana kai tsaye ga shawarwarin da yawancin kamfanoni ke ɗauka na farko. Idan mutane suna hasashen son zuciya da kwarin gwiwa wanda gwajin da aka tsara bai gano ba, to, ɓoyewar gabatarwa na iya magance ƙaramin matsala fiye da wacce kowa ke yi imani da ita — yayin da hakan ke jawo muku rashin mahallin da ke sa ra'ayi ya zama mai yuwuwa. Hakanan yana dace da tsarin wannan duka taron: hanyoyin suna da gaske, girman tasirin da aka fi sani yana ƙaruwa, kuma gyaran dole ne a zaɓa bisa hujja maimakon jin daɗin wacce son zuciya ta fi yiwuwa.
- ✗Wannan son zuciya wani lokaci yana tafiya akasin hanya. Menon da Pfeffer, a cikin Management Science (2003), sun gano cewa manajoji suna yawan daraja ilimin waje fiye da irin wannan ilimin na ciki — wani ɓangare saboda koyon daga abokin hamayya na ciki yana da farashin matsayi, da wani ɓangare saboda ilimin ciki yana da yawa kuma saboda haka yana samun karin duba. Mai ba da shawara wanda ya gaya maka abin da ƙungiyarka ta faɗa maka a kwata na baya wani abu ne da aka rubuta sosai, ba dariya ba.
- ✗Kuma wani gwaji a fannin ya gano cewa ba a sami irin wannan son zuciya ba. Dahlander, Thomas, Wallin da Ångström (SMJ, 2023) sun ɓoye asalin mai gabatarwa a cikin yanayin ainihin kimanta ra'ayi kuma sun gano ba a sami son zuciya ga masu gabatarwa daga wasu sassa ko wurare ba — wani sakamako da suka maimaita a kan layi. A gefe guda, mahalarta, sun yi hasashen yawan irin waɗannan son zuciya.
Hanyar: kara girman kungiyar cikin gida
Saboda tasirin yana zama son kai maimakon adawa, maganin da aka tabbatar da shi ba shi da jinkiri. Shi ne sabunta rukuni — tsarin asalin rukuni na Gaertner da abokan aiki, inda haɗa ƙungiyoyi guda biyu cikin "mu" mai daraja guda ɗaya ke rage son kai musamman ta hanyar ƙara matsayin tsofaffin waje. Wannan shine ka'idar haɗin kai ta Cialdini da aka yi amfani da ita da gangan maimakon bazuwar.
- ✓Saka sunan babban rukuni kafin a yi kimantawa, ba a cikin katin ƙima ba. "Mu ne mutanen da ke da alhakin wannan hukunci" ya fi "Dandalin da aka kwatanta da Samfuri" — kuma yana ɗaukar jumla guda a saman taron.
- ✓Yi amfani da daukar hangen nesa a matsayin matakin kawar da son kai. Hannen da abokan aikinsa sun gwada hanyoyin kariya a cikin 565 R&D ayyuka (Dokar Bincike, 2019) kuma sun gano cewa daukar hangen nesa hanya ce mai tasiri ta hanyar kai tsaye don rage NIH — suna tambayar masu kimantawa su yi muhawara kan hujjar kungiyar da ta gabatar kafin su ba da maki.
- ✓Haɗa kwamitin kimantawa a cikin sassa da matakai. Duka son zuciya da aka rubuta a cikin kamfani — na rukunin guda da na matakin hierarchal guda — matsalolin haɗin kwamitin ne kafin su zama matsalolin ra'ayi.
- ✓Auna bisa ga ka'idojin da aka rubuta a gaba. Hakan yana nufin cewa yana kawo karshen tsarawa ajanda da juyin juna: idan ka'idojin suna nan kafin a san tushen, tushen yana da karancin fili don yin aiki a hankali.
- ✓Rubuta inda kowace ra'ayi ta fito, kuma ka duba yawan karɓar daga baya. Kada ka yi tunanin hanyar son zuciya — auna ta a cikin rajistar yanke shawara naka. Bisa ga Menon da Pfeffer, zaka iya samun cewa kana rage kimar mutanenka maimakon wadanda ba na ciki ba.
Wani babban mu
Jin dadin son rukunin yana sa a dauke shi a matsayin kuskuren hali da za a yi wa mutane fushi — don neman masu kimantawa su zama masu gaskiya game da inda ra'ayi ya fito. Yaran Tajfel sun kasance masu gaskiya. Sun kuma so bangarensu ya zama na gaba, kuma bangarensu ya wanzu na tsawon minti goma.
Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa gano cewa tasirin shine son kai, ba kiyayya ba shine mafi amfani a cikin wannan adabi. Ba ku yi yaƙi da kiyayya ba. Kuna aiki tare da wata hanya wacce za ta canza gefen cikin farin ciki da zarar iyakar ta motsa — don haka ku motsa iyakar, ku bar hadin kai ya yi aikin da zai yi a kowane hali.
Hanyoyin & karin karatu
Duk wani tushen da aka ambata a wannan rubutun, tare da hanyar haɗi inda hakan ya dace. An bar wasu bayanai da aka maimaita sosai a hankali saboda ba za a iya gano su daga rubutun asali ba — ciki har da bayanin samfurin da aka saba ambata na binciken asali na Tajfel da kuma adadin yawan da aka saba ambata na NIH.
- •Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). Rarraba zamantakewa da halayen kungiyoyi. Jaridar Turai ta Ilimin Halayen Zamani, 1(2), 149–178. — tsarin ƙungiya mafi ƙaranci. Lura cewa wannan shine rahoton farko; rubutun Kimiyyar Amurka na 1970 wani labari ne daban, wanda aka saba haɗa shi da shi.
- •Balliet, D., Wu, J., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2014). Son zuciya a cikin hadin gwiwa: Bincike na meta. Psychological Bulletin, 140(6), 1556–1581. — d = 0.32; son zuciya maimakon zagin.
- •Reitzig, M., & Sorenson, O. (2013). Kuskuren zaɓi a matakin zaɓen dabarun ƙasa sama. Jaridar Gudanar da Dabaru, 34(7), 782–799. — son kai a ƙofar tantancewa a cikin rukunin da aka yi aiki da shi.
- •Schweisfurth, T. G., Schöttl, C. P., Raasch, C., & Zaggl, M. A. (2023). Yanke shawara a cikin inuwa na tsarin mulki. Jaridar Gudanar da Tsare-tsare, 44(7). — masu kimantawa suna ƙara darajar ra'ayoyi daga matakin su na tsarin mulki.
- •Katz, R., & Allen, T. J. (1982). Binciken cutar Not Invented Here (NIH). R&D Management, 12(1), 7–20. — shahararren ambaton kimiyya; dangantaka, rukuni 50 R&D, juyin tenure–sadarwa–aiki.
- •Menon, T., & Pfeffer, J. (2003). Kimanta Ilimi na Ciki da na Waje: Bayani kan Zaɓin Masu Waje. Kimiyyar Gudanarwa, 49(4), 497–513. — juyin, da dalilin da yasa hakan ke faruwa.
- •Dahlander, L., Thomas, A., Wallin, M. W., & Ångström, R. C. (2023). An yi hasashen mutum? Shaidar gwaji daga kimanta ra'ayi. Jaridar Gudanar da Tsare-tsare, 44(10), 2443–2459. — ba a sami son zuciya na rukuni ko wuri ba; mahalarta sun yi hasashen fiye da gaskiya.
- •Hannen, J., da sauransu. (2019). Kula da Cutar Not-Invented-Here a cikin shan ilimi na waje da sabbin kirkire-kirkire. Binciken Manufofi, 48(9), 103822. — 565 ayyukan R&D; daukar hangen nesa a matsayin wata hanyar magancewa ta hanyar kai tsaye.
- •Gaertner, S. L., Mann, J., Murrell, A., & Dovidio, J. F. (1989). Rage ragu da bambancin kungiyoyi: Amfanin sake rarrabawa. Jaridar Halayen mutum da Harkokin zamantakewa, 57(2), 239–249. — samfurin asalin kungiya na gama gari.
- •Antons, D., & Piller, F. T. (2015). Buɗe Akwati Mai Baƙar fata na 'Ba a ƙirƙira a nan ba'. Academy of Management Perspectives, 29(2), 193–217. — NIH a matsayin son zuciya bisa ga hali maimakon lahani na mutum.