Matsalar Kamar Kamar: Jituwa da ke auna jin dadin mutum, ba bincike ba

Tushen Kamfanin Echo Chamber shine tsarin wata ƙungiya da ke jin muryoyin da suka yarda kawai: rashin jayayya yana bacewa, ana tacewa, ko kuma ana tsarewa da kai, don haka yarda tana taruwa ba tare da an duba kowanne muhawara ba. Wannan shine fuskar tattaunawa ta son tabbatarwa da kuma sharuɗɗan tunani na ƙungiya — binciken gargajiya na Irving Janis akan gazawar manufofi ya gano ƙungiyoyi masu haɗin kai suna ƙin jayayya don kare yarda. Ƙungiyoyi suna faɗawa cikin wannan saboda yarda tana da daɗi a zamantakewa kuma rashin yarda yana da farashi na mutum, saboda homophily yana nufin ƙungiyoyi sun riga sun raba tunani kafin kowa ya yi magana, kuma masu jayayya suna karanta dakin kuma suna zaune shiru — suna ƙirƙirar yarda ta ƙarya da ke shawo kan kowa. Alamomin gargaɗi: muhimman shawara ba tare da an rubuta jayayya ba, taron da ke ƙarewa da wuri tare da kowa yana yarda, jayayya da ke bayyana kawai a cikin hanyoyin sirri bayan haka, da kuma mamaki lokacin da baƙi suka gano ƙarin hujjoji. Don guje wa wannan: sanya jayayya a matsayin aikin maimakon haɗarin mutum (canjin rawar kalubale, pre-mortems), tattara matsayi a cikin 'yanci kafin tattaunawa, neman ra'ayoyi daga waje, da kuma ɗaukar rashin jayayya a matsayin ja fata maimakon haske mai kyau. A cikin tsarin, Argumentree yana karya wannan zagaye saboda itace ta muhawara tana sanya hujjojin ƙin zama abin da aka sa a fili: ikirarin shawara ba tare da hujjojin kai hare-hare ba yana bayyana a matsayin wanda ba a duba ba, zaɓuɓɓukan bayar da gudummawa marasa suna rage farashin mutum na jayayya, da kuma jerin kalubale suna ba da rashin yarda wani ingantaccen, iyakantaccen tsari.

Tatsuniyar Tattaunawa 4 daga 7

Matsalar Tashar Sauti

Taron ya kasance mai dadi, yarjejeniyar ta kasance tare, shawarar ba a duba ta ba. Itace da ba ta da reshe ba ba ta da karfi — alamar gargadi ce.

TL;DR

Matsalar Tashar Echo: wata ƙungiya tana jin amincewa kawai, don haka yarda tana auna jin daɗin zamantakewa maimakon hujjojin da aka duba:

  • •Sharuddan tunani na rukuni — Nazarin Janis na gazawa ya gano cewa haɗin kai yana hana sabani don kare jituwa
  • •Shiru yana karanta a matsayin yarjejeniya — masu kin jinin kansu suna ƙirƙirar ƙarya daidaito wanda ke shawo kan kowa.
  • •Alamar: manyan shawara tare da rashin hujja da aka rubuta, da rashin jituwa da ke bayyana kawai a cikin DMs bayan haka
  • •Gyaran: sanya rashin jituwa a cikin tsarin — aikin da ba shi da haɗari na kashin kai; itace mai reshe mara cike yana bayyana a matsayin wanda ba a duba ba

Abin da yake

Tashoshin Echo na tuhuma shine yarjejeniya ba tare da bincike ba: kungiyar tana jin muryoyi da suka riga sun yarda, don haka amincewa yana taruwa yayin da batun bai gwada ba. Rashin jituwa ba koyaushe yana cikin rashin wanzuwa ba — akai-akai yana nan kuma yana tsare kansa, ko kuma ana tace shi kafin ya kai dakin. Duk hanyoyin, sakamakon yana daidai: hukunci da aka yarda da shi ta hanyar amincewa wanda ba a taɓa muhawara akai ba.

Misali na gaskiya

Wani misali mai bayyana: ƙungiyar jagoranci tana duba shirin haɗa kayayyaki guda biyu. Mai tallafawa yana gabatarwa; abokan aiki uku suna ƙara hujjoji masu goyon baya; wani yana tambayar tambaya mai bayyana; shawarar ta wuce cikin mintuna arba'in tare da abin da kowa ya bayyana daga baya a matsayin 'kyakkyawan daidaito'. Makonni biyu bayan haka, jagoran nasarar abokin ciniki ya ambaci — a sirrance — cewa rabin ƙungiyarta sun yi tsammanin juyawa daga wannan mataki kuma sun faɗi haka ga juna tsawon wata guda. Lokacin da aka tambaye su me ya sa babu wanda ya kawo shi: "taron ya bayyana a matsayin ƙaddamarwa, ba muhawara ba." Bayanin yana nan. Tsarin dakin ya hana shi shiga — kuma kowanne mai shakku mai shiru ya karanta shiru na wasu a matsayin yarda, wanda shine yadda ƙarya daidaito ke ƙirƙira kansa.

Me yasa muke fada ciki?

Yarda yana da daɗi kuma rashin yarda ana ɗauka a matsayin na mutum. Amfanin kalubale yana taruwa ga ƙungiyar; rashin jin daɗi yana taruwa ga wanda ya kalubalanci. A ƙarƙashin wannan rashin daidaito, mutane masu hankali suna rage yawan rashin yarda — kuma ƙungiyoyi masu haɗin kai, suna daraja haɗin kai, suna rage yawan rashin yarda sosai. Wannan shine injin Irving Janis ya rubuta a cikin binciken sa na ƙungiyoyi na tarihi na gazawar manufofi: neman yarda yana wuce kimantawa mai ma'ana, tare da 'masu tsaron tunani' da suka ɗauki nauyin tace bayanan da ba su dace ba kafin su kai ga masu yanke shawara.

Homophily na ɗora ɗakin. Ana ɗaukar ƙungiyoyi, ana haɓaka su, kuma ana haɗa su cikin tunani na gama gari; kafin tattaunawa ta fara, yawancin wuraren rashin jituwa sun riga sun zaɓi. Abin da ke jin kamar tabbatarwa mai zaman kanta yawanci shine irin wannan jituwa ta baya ta hanyar mutane masu kama — yanayin gazawa binciken basirar tarayya yana gano a matsayin mutuwar sharuɗɗan zaman kansa.

Kuma shiru yana ƙara yawa. Kowanne shakku da ba a faɗi ba yana sa jituwa ta yi ƙarfi, wanda ke ƙara farashin sabuwar rashin jituwa. Dakin ba a gina shi da wani ba; yana taruwa daga shiru mai ma'ana na kowane mutum.

Alamomin gargadi

  • ✗Shawarar da ke da tasiri ba tare da wani hujja da aka rubuta ba. Babu wata hujja da ta dace a rubuta — don shawarar da ta dace da taro?
  • ✗Taron da ke ƙarewa da wuri cikin cikakken yarjejeniya, wanda aka bayyana daga baya a matsayin 'babban daidaito'.
  • ✗Sabani yana bayyana a cikin hanyoyin sirri — DMs, hanyoyin shiga, tambayoyin fita — amma ba a cikin dakin ba.
  • ✗Masu waje suna samun korafe-korafe cikin mintuna da kungiyar ba ta taɓa faɗa ba — gefen ɗakin ya bayyana.

Yadda za a guje masa

  1. 1Sa rashin jituwa zama aikin. Canza rawar kalubale, pre-mortems, wucewar ƙungiyar ja — tsarukan da ke canza 'zama mai wahala' zuwa 'aikin yi'. Cikakken littafin wasa: yadda za a guji tunanin ƙungiya.
  2. 2Fara tattara matsayi a zaman kansu. An rubuta, kafin tattaunawa — don kada muryar farko mai kwarin gwiwa ta saita yanayin dakin.
  3. 3Hangen nesa daga waje yana da nufin. Wani mutum daga wajen tunanin kungiyar yana samun cewa an tace korafe-korafen da homophily.
  4. 4Yi la'akari da shafin con mara komai a matsayin ja alama. "Babu wanda ya ki" ba hujja ce ta karfi ba; hujja ce ta wanda ba a duba ba. Nemi hujjar con a fili kafin a rufe.

Yadda Argumentree ke taimakawa

Gyaran tsarin: itace hujja tana sanya reshen con zama tsammanin da za a gani. Ikon yanke shawara tare da hujjojin goyon baya da babu hujjojin kai hari yana da banbanci sosai — reshen da ba shi da komai yana kan allon, yana haifar da tambayar da dakin jin dadi ba ya taɓa yi. Zaɓuɓɓukan bayar da gudummawa na ɓoye suna rage farashin mutum na rashin jituwa na farko, wanda shine mai tsada; silsilolin kalubale masu tsari suna ba da rashin jituwa wani ingantaccen, iyakance nau'i wanda ba ya karanta a matsayin takaddama; kuma bayar da gudummawa mai zaman kanta, ba tare da lokaci ba yana nufin matsayin suna samuwa kafin yanayin dakin ya iya. Dakin yana gudana akan shiru yana da arha da rashin jituwa yana da tsada — itacen yana juyawa duka farashin.

Gyara layi ɗaya

Itace mai sansani ba ta da reshe a fili tana bayyana a matsayin ba ta kammala ba. Kodayake ana sa ran jayayya, shigar da ba a bayyana ba, da kalubale masu iyaka — binciken da dakin karatu na jayayya ke tsallakewa, wanda aka gina a cikin Hanyar Argumentree.

Tambayoyi da ake yawan yi

Menene Kafuwar Echo?

Tsarin wata ƙungiya da ke jin muryoyi masu yarda kawai, don haka ra'ayi ya taru ba tare da an duba kowanne muhawara ba. Rashin jituwa yawanci ba ya wuce — yana yin tsare kansa ko kuma ana tace shi kafin ya kai ga dakin, kuma kowanne shiru yana ƙara ƙarfafa ra'ayin da aka bayyana, yana ƙara farashin rashin jituwa na gaba. Sakamakon shine ƙarya jituwa: hukuncin da aka yarda da shi ta hanyar amincewa, wanda aka bayyana daga baya a matsayin 'kyakkyawar jituwa', wanda mafi ƙarfi na adawa ya kasance a cikin hanyoyin sirri duka lokacin.

Yaya haɗin Echo Chamber Trap da tunanin ƙungiya?

Shi ne sharuɗɗan farko. Nazarin gargajiya na Irving Janis akan gazawar manufofi sun bayyana tunanin ƙungiya a matsayin neman jituwa wanda ke watsi da kimantawa mai ma'ana — ƙungiyoyi masu haɗin kai suna kare jituwa, tare da 'masu tsaron tunani' suna tace bayanan da ba su dace ba. Dakin echo shine yanayin da wannan ke faruwa: idan dakin yana jin jituwa kawai, matsi don kiyaye shi yana yin sauran. Karyar dakin — sanya sabani ya zama mai rahusa, tsarin, da kuma abin da aka zata — shine mafi girman matakin kariya daga tunanin ƙungiya.

Ta yaya kuke karfafa rashin jituwa ba tare da haifar da rikici ba?

Yi shi a cikin tsarin maimakon na mutum. Kwatancen sabani a matsayin aiki (matsayi na juyawa na kalubale, pre-mortems inda tunanin gazawa shine aikin) yana canza kalubale daga haɗarin zamantakewa zuwa bayanin aikin. Rubutaccen shigarwa mai zaman kansa kafin tattaunawa yana ba da damar bayyana sabani ba tare da kowa yana magana a kan dakin ba. Gudummawar da ba a bayyana ba tana rage farashin sabani na farko, wanda yake da tsada. Kuma tsarin kalubale da aka iyakance — musayar tambaya da amsa mai tsari maimakon fuskantar juna ba tare da iyaka ba — yana ba da damar matsala ta kasance a matsayi da warwarewa ba tare da zama matsala a cikin dangantaka ba.

Ta yaya itace muhawara ke karya dakin sauti?

Ta hanyar sanya rabin da ya bace a bayyane da kuma arha don cike shi. Ikon yanke shawara akan itace yana nuna rassan goyon baya da na kai hari a gefe guda — wani lamari tare da fa'idodi goma sha biyu da rashin fa'ida guda daya yana bayyana a matsayin wanda ba a duba ba, kuma rassan da ba su da komai suna haifar da tambayar da dakin kwana masu jin dadi ba sa tambaya. Shiga ba tare da suna ba da kuma bayar da gudummawa a lokaci guda, mai zaman kansa yana nufin cewa rashin jituwa na farko ba ya bukatar tsayawa kadai a kan kyakkyawan ra'ayi; kuma saboda hujjojin akasin suna abubuwan gini na yau da kullum maimakon abubuwan zamantakewa, bayar da hujja yana karɓuwa a matsayin kammala binciken, ba tare da kai hari ga mai tallafawa ba.

Sauran hujjojin da ke kama mutum

Tatsuniya Mai Karya na Rarrabewa

"Ko dai mu tura yanzu ko kuma mu rasa kasuwa" — tsarin binary lokacin da zaɓin ya yi fadi. Kwanan da ke ɓoye mafi kyawun zaɓi.

Juyin Kiran Ikon Kafa

Ikon ya ci nasara saboda wanda ya faɗi shi, ba saboda abin da ke goyon bayansa ba. Matsayi da suna suna zama madadin hujja.

Tatsuniya na Strawman

Karyata wani ra'ayi mai rauni na bangaren dayan — da kuma kuskuren daukar hakan a matsayin amsa ga shi.

Tatsuniyar Sabon Abu

Abin da aka ce a ƙarshe yana da nauyi fiye da komai — don haka yanke shawara yana bin mintuna na ƙarshe na taron, ba dukan shari'ar ba.

Matsalar Muryar Mafi Karfi

Kyakkyawan juriya ya fi ingancin muhawara. Ikon da ke da kwarin gwiwa ya fi wanda ya dace.

Tatsuniyar Kafawa

Lambar farko, tsarin farko, tayin farko — komai bayan haka yana daidaita daga gare shi maimakon tambayar sa.

Ba wa rabin hujjar ta biyu gida

Rashin jituwa da ake sa ran, rashin jituwa da ba ya kashe komai don bayyana, da jituwa da ke nufin cewa shari'ar ta tsira — ba wai babu wanda ya yi jarumta ba.

Fara Kyauta — Babu Katin Bashi

Kyauta har abada ga mutane