Yadda Ake Tsara Tattaunawa: Matakai 4 na Tattaunawa Mai Ma'ana
Tattaunawa mai amfani tana wucewa ta matakai hudu da aka bayyana ta hanyar tsarin pragma-dialectical na muhawara, wanda Frans van Eemeren da Rob Grootendorst suka haɓaka a Jami'ar Amsterdam tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1970: jayayya (gano rashin jituwa da kowanne matsayi), bude (yarda da dokoki, wuraren farawa da aka raba, da nauyin shaidar), muhawara (gabatar da hujjoji da gwada su tare da shaidar da ƙin amincewa), da kammala (auna abin da ya rage, yanke shawara, da rubuta sakamakon). Dokoki goma suna kiyaye tattaunawar ta zama mai adalci — 'yanci, nauyin shaidar, matsayi, dacewa, tushe da ba a bayyana ba, wurin farawa, tsarin hujja, inganci, rufewa, da amfani — kuma a cikin wannan tsarin, kuskuren lissafi yana karya ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan dokokin. Wannan tsarin yana dacewa da tattaunawar kan layi ta asyncronous: jigo ɗaya a kowanne tambaya, dokoki da ma'anoni da aka ɗaure, amsoshin pro da con da aka haɗa tare da shaidar, da kimantawa tare da yanke shawara da aka rubuta. Binciken da ya gabata yana goyon bayan tattaunawa mai tsari, wanda aka bayyana a fili: a cikin Tessler et al. (Science, 2024), mai sulhu na AI wanda ya rubuta bayanan rukuni daga matsayin da mahalarta suka bayyana a fili ya taimaka wa ƙungiyoyin mahalarta UK su sami ƙarin haɗin kai da barin rarrabawa kaɗan. Argumentree yana gina waɗannan matakai hudu cikin samfurin, daga tambaya ta tsakiya tare da matsayi na fili zuwa itacen hujja na pro/con tare da kimantawa da yanke shawara da aka rubuta.
Yawancin muhawara suna kasa kafin kowa ya gabatar da kyakkyawan ra'ayi — saboda babu wanda ya yarda da abin da ake muhawara akai. Shekaru hamsin na nazarin muhawara suna da mafita: gudanar da rashin jituwa ta cikin matakai hudu, kuma a kiyaye gaskiya tare da dokoki goma.
- Hanyoyi hudu: fuskantarwa, bude, muhawara, kammalawa — tsallake na farko biyu kuma sauran zai rushe.
- Dokokin guda goma na muhawara mai adalci suna fitowa daga tsarin pragma-dialectical — kuma kuskure kawai doka ce da aka karya
- Tsarin yana da kyau a kan tattaunawar kan layi ta lokaci mai jujjuyawa — inda wani gwaji da aka yi rajista a 2024 a cikin Science ya gano cewa yawo da ra'ayoyin kowa ya motsa yarda tsakanin rukuni ba ko kadan, yayin da tsara da kuma yin tsokaci kan waɗannan ra'ayoyin ya motsa shi da maki takwas.
- Argumentree yana gina dukkan matakai hudu cikin samfurin, don haka tattaunawa tana ƙarewa a matsayin hukunci da aka rubuta — ba a sake gudanarwa ba
Mutane biyu masu ƙwarewa suna muhawara na awa guda kuma suna ƙarewa a inda suka fara. Ba saboda tambayar ba ta da amsa — amma saboda ba su taɓa yin muhawara ɗaya ba. Ɗaya yana tattaunawa ko ya kamata a yi abin; ɗayan, yadda za a yi shi. Babu wanda ya bayyana sharuɗɗan. Shaida da ra'ayi sun zo a cikin jumloli guda. Kuma lokacin da taron ya ƙare, babu wani abu da aka rubuta, don haka duk abin ya sake farawa a mako mai zuwa daga sifili.
Idan wannan yanayin yana da alaka, ga sabon hangen nesa da ya kamata a riƙe: matsalar ba rashin jituwa ba ce. Rashin jituwa shine kayan aiki na kyawawan yanke shawara. Matsalar ita ce rashin tsari na rashin jituwa — muhawara ba tare da tambaya da aka yarda da ita ba, babu ka'idoji da aka raba, kuma babu ƙarshen da aka rubuta.
Kuma wannan matsala an warware ta. Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1970, wasu masana biyu daga Netherlands a Jami'ar Amsterdam — Frans van Eemeren da Rob Grootendorst — sun gina mafi ingancin tsarin amsa da ilimin muhawara ya samar: pragma-dialectics. Yana ɗaukar muhawara ba a matsayin gasa don lashe ba amma a matsayin tattaunawa mai mahimmanci wacce kawai burinta shine warware bambanci na ra'ayi na gaskiya akan fa'idodi. Samfurinsu yana ba da muhawara mai amfani da tsari mai kyau: matakai hudu da za a bi, da kuma dokoki goma don tabbatar da adalci.
Tattaunawa ba gasa ce da za a ci ba.
Hanya ce ta warware bambanci na ra'ayi kan fa'idodi.
— babban ra'ayin pragma-dialectics, bayan van Eemeren & Grootendorst
Samfurin Amsterdam: muhawara hanya ce, ba fada ba
Van Eemeren da Grootendorst sun gina tushe a cikin Speech Acts in Argumentative Discussions (1984), sun bayyana ka'idojin adalci a cikin muhawara a cikin Argumentation, Communication, and Fallacies (1992), kuma sun karfafa dukkan tsarin a cikin A Systematic Theory of Argumentation (2004). Kalmar "pragma-dialectics" tana haɗa rabin biyu na ra'ayin: muhawara tana pragmatic — mutane na gaske suna aiwatar da ayyukan magana don shawo kan juna — da dialectical — musayar da aka tsara wanda zai iya kaiwa ga ƙarshe.
Hankalin mafi karfi na samfurin shine abin da ya yi ga kuskuren tunani. Maimakon mu dauki mutum mai rauni ko canjin nauyin shaidar a matsayin abubuwa a cikin jerin da aka koya, pragma-dialectics tana bayyana kuskure a matsayin duk wani motsi da ya karya ka'ida na tattaunawar mai zurfi — kuskure a cikin tsarin, a wani mataki na musamman, tare da wata ka'ida da aka karya. Koyi tsarin kuma za ka sami na'urar gano kuskure kyauta. (Muna tafiya tare da kuskuren tunani na gargajiya a cikin suturar kasuwanci a kuskuren tunani a dakin taro.)
Hanyoyi hudu na muhawara mai amfani
Duk wata sabani mai kyau tana wucewa ta cikin matakai hudu iri ɗaya. Mafi yawan waɗanda aka karye suna tsallake kai tsaye zuwa mataki na uku.
1. Taron fuska da fuska
Suna rashin jituwa.
Kafin kowa ya yi muhawara, a kawo ainihin tambayar da matsayin kowanne bangare a kan tebur — kuma a bayyana muhimman kalmomi. Wannan yana yiwuwa ya zama mai sauki kuma yawanci ana tsallake shi.
Inda ya karye: Tattaunawa mai zafi akan tambaya da ba kowa ya yarda da ita ba. Rabin dakin na tattaunawa kan "shin ya kamata mu dauki ma'aikaci," rabin kuma "wa ya kamata mu dauka."
2. Bude
Saita dokoki da kuma tushen jituwa.
Yarda da tsarin (wanene ke magana, nawa lokaci, menene ake dauka a matsayin shaida), kafa gaskiyar da bangarorin biyu suka riga sun yarda da ita, kuma a tantance wanda ke da nauyin tabbatar da kowanne ikirari.
Inda ya karye: Babu wani tushen farawa da aka raba, don haka kowanne muhawara na tashi daga wani saiti na tunani daban-daban kuma babu wani abu da ya tsaya.
3. Tattaunawa
Yi hujja — kuma gwada ta.
Kowane bangare yana gabatar da hujjoji da ke da goyon bayan shaidar, yana amsa maki na dayan bangaren, kuma yana tambayar tambayoyi masu bayyana. Kwatanta da tambayoyi suna da muhimmanci kamar yadda jawaban bude suke.
Inda ya karye: Tuhume-tuhume ba tare da shaidar da ta dace ba, da kuma monologues guda biyu da ba su taɓa shiga cikin juna ba a cikin tunani.
4. Kammalawa
Warware, kuma rubuta.
Auna abin da ya tsira, kai ga hukunci, kuma rubuta wanda ya riƙe wane matsayi da dalilin sa. Wani matsayi da aka kasa karewa ana janye shi; wata shakka da aka amsa ana soke ta.
Inda ya karye: Taron ya ƙare ba tare da wani hukunci ko rikodi ba — don haka wannan tattaunawar za ta sake farawa mako mai zuwa daga sifili.
Dokoki goma na muhawara mai adalci
Fasali suna gaya maka inda kake; dokoki suna gaya maka yadda za ka yi a lokacin da ka isa can. Tsarin Van Eemeren da Grootendorst na 1992 yana lissafin guda goma — kuma kowanne kuskure na gargajiya hanya ce ta musamman ta karya daya daga cikin su. Kuskuren mutum mai rauni yana karya dokar matsayin; shushugawa wani yana karya dokar 'yanci; "ka tabbatar mini da kuskure" yana karya dokar nauyin shaidar; canza wurin burin yana karya dokar wurin farawa.
Gudanar da shi a cikin dandalin zamani — ba kawai daki ba
An rubuta matakai hudu tare da tunanin tattaunawa kai tsaye, amma suna da kyau a kan tattaunawar kan layi ta asyncronous — wanda yawanci ya fi kyau, saboda yana cire mulkin wanda ya fi magana da ƙarfi da ƙarshe.
Taron fuska da fuska → zaren guda, tambaya guda
Buɗe wani takamaiman zaren da ke bayyana tambayar da ra'ayoyin gasa a fili, don kowa ya kasance yana muhawara akan abu ɗaya.
Bude → dokoki da ma'anoni da aka danna
Kafa ka'idojin ƙasa, ma'anoni masu mahimmanci, da gaskiyar da kowa ya riga ya yarda da ita. Tsara wanda ya kamata ya tabbatar da menene.
Tattaunawa → mai zurfi pro/con, tare da shaidar
Tsara amsoshi a matsayin hujjoji masu kyau da marasa kyau da kowanne ke bukatar shaidar, kuma ba wa mutane hanya mai kyau don tambayar karin bayani.
Kammala → ƙima, taƙaita, rubuta
Kimanta ko kada kuri'a kan hujjojin don ganin inda kungiyar take, rubuta takaitaccen bayani, kuma ajiye shawarar a cikin rajista.
Shaidar da ya fi daukar hankali na kwanan nan cewa irin wannan tsari na bayyana yana taimakawa ya fito daga wata hanya da ba a zata ba. A cikin 2024, masu bincike sun bayar da rahoto a cikin Science akan "Habermas Machine" — wani mai shiga tsakani na AI wanda ya tattara matsayin rubutaccen mahalarta da suka yi tsokaci akan batutuwan siyasa masu rarrabewa kuma ya tsara bayanan kungiyoyi daga gare su. A cikin gwaje-gwaje tare da mahalarta sama da 5,700 daga Birtaniya, kungiyoyin da suka yi aiki a wannan hanya sun sami karin hadin kai kuma sun bar tattaunawarsu ba tare da rarrabewa ba; mafi yawan mahalarta sun fi son bayanan da AI ta tsara fiye da wadanda masu shiga tsakani na dan Adam suka rubuta, wani bangare saboda rubutun sun ci gaba da bayyana hujjojin kashi na kasa maimakon wargaza su (Tessler et al., 2024). Hanyar tana daidai da wacce matakai hudu ke tilasta: a bayyana kowanne matsayi da dalilinsa, kuma warwarewa tana zama mai sauki — duk wanda, ko abin da, ke yin shiga tsakani. Binciken ya kuma gudanar da kulawa wanda kusan babu wanda ya bayar da rahoto: kungiyoyin da kawai suka karanta ra'ayoyin juna, ba tare da hadawa ba, ba su yi kusanci ko kadan — wanda shine mafi karfi shaidar da muke da ita cewa musayar kyauta ba shine hanyar ba. Cikakkun sakamakon, da iyakokinsu, suna nan. (Kuma idan "forum" da ake magana akai shine dandalin tattaunawa na ajin, wannan hujjar tsari guda — tare da shaidar aji — tana cikin madadin dandalin tattaunawa.)
A cikin gwaje-gwaje tare da sama da masu halarta 5,700,
Kungiyoyin da ke amfani da AI sun sami karin hadin kai — kuma sun bar rarrabuwar kawuna kadan.
— gwaje-gwajen na'urar Habermas, bayan Tessler et al., Science (2024)
Shin wannan ba ya wuce gona da iri don sabani na al'ada ba?
Don yawancin sabani — eh, kuma ka'idar tana cewa haka. Van Eemeren da Grootendorst suna gabatar da tattaunawar mai mahimmanci a matsayin samfurin da ya dace: ma'auni na ka'ida wanda tattaunawa ta gaskiya ke kusantar, ba rubutaccen tsari da kowanne tattaunawa dole ne ta bi. Babu wanda ya kamata ya gudanar da tsari na tsaye ta hanyar dokoki goma. Kana kai ga cikakken tsari lokacin da abubuwa biyu suka kasance gaskiya a lokaci guda: hadarin yana da girma, kuma sabanin yana da gaskiya. Wannan shine lokacin da hanyar ba ta da tsari ke kasa — kuma lokacin da "za mu tattauna shi" a hankali ke zama wanda ya fi kowa yin ihu ne zai ci nasara.
Wani damuwa — cewa tsarin yana kashe jin dadin gaggawa — yana juyawa matakan baya. Matakin muhawara shine inda dukkanin fafatawar kirkira take, kuma ana karewa, ba a takura ba, ta matakai biyu kafin wannan: yarda da tambayar da ka'idojin kasa shine abin da ke hana kuzarin dakin yin konewa ta hanyar magana ba tare da juna ba. Tsarin ba ya maye gurbin muhawara. Shi ne dalilin da ya sa muhawarar ta kai ga kammala.
Yadda Argumentree ke gina a cikin matakai hudu
Za ka iya gudanar da duk wannan da hannu tare da tsari da mai sauƙaƙe mai kyau. Argumentree yana haɗa shi cikin kayan aikin don tsarin ya tsaya duk lokacin da babu wanda ke kula da shi. Tattaunawa tana farawa daga tambaya ta tsakiya tare da ra'ayoyi masu bayyana — matakin jayayya. Ayyuka, wurare, da mahallin da aka raba suna tsara shi — matakin buɗewa. Itacen jayayya na pro/con yana tattara hujjoji da shaidar su, tare da kimanta kowace jayayya da ƙin amincewa — matakin jayayya. Kuma maki na goyon baya da cikakken hanyar bincike suna canza tattaunawar zuwa hukunci da aka rubuta — matakin kammala, wanda kusan kowa ke tsallakewa.
Abin da aka samu shine abin da yawancin muhawara ba ta taɓa bayarwa: hukunci da ƙungiyar za ta iya goyon baya, tare da dalilin da har yanzu ke haɗe — don haka ba ya sake buɗewa a hankali wata guda bayan haka. (Idan kana son rabin hoto na wannan — yadda taswirar muhawara ke bayyana tsarin rashin jituwa a kallo ɗaya — duba jagorar muhawara ta taswira argument mapping guide; don samun ingantaccen goyon baya daga mutanen da abin ya shafa, duba how to get stakeholder buy-in.)
gwajin mataki na farko
Idan ba za ka iya bayyana, a cikin jumla guda, tambayar da ake jayayya akanta da kuma matsayin da aka dauka akanta ba — ba ka shirya don mataki na uku. Mafi yawan "mummunan muhawara" suna fadi wannan gwajin kafin a yi hujja ta farko.
Tsari shine dalilin da ya sa muhawara ke ƙarewa.
Hanyoyi hudu ba su da ladabi. Su ne bambanci tsakanin rashin jituwa da ke haifar da hukunci da rashin jituwa da ke haifar da sake juyawa. Takarar tana tabbatar da cewa akwai hujja guda daya maimakon biyu. Fara yana tabbatar da cewa ana gudanar da shi a kan wani tebur guda. Hujja ita ce inda ainihin gwaji ke faruwa. Kuma kammala — matakin da kowanne tattaunawa mara tsari ke tsallakewa — shine wanda ke canza awa guda na kyakkyawar hujja zuwa wani abu da kungiyar ke adanawa.
Fara da ƙananan abubuwa fiye da cikakken samfur: a taron ku na gaba mai rikici, ku ɗauki mintuna biyar na farko kawai akan mataki na farko. Rubuta tambayar a saman faranti farin, da kowanne ra'ayi a ƙasa, kafin kowa ya yi muhawara. Wannan ɗan hali guda — mai arha, kusan mai kunya — yana kawar da yanayin gazawa wanda ke lalata tattaunawa fiye da kowanne kuskure da aka haɗa.
Tsari ba makiyan kyakkyawan hujja ba ne. Shi ne dalilin da ya sa hujja ta ƙare.
Ba da tsarin tattaunawa ta gaba da zai kai ga yanke hukunci.
Argumentree yana gudanar da matakai hudu a gare ku — daga babban tambaya da ra'ayoyi masu bayyana zuwa itacen pro/con da aka kimanta da sakamakon da aka rubuta, wanda za a iya karewa.
Hanyoyin da za a samu karin bayani
- van Eemeren, F. H., & Grootendorst, R. (1984). Ayyukan Magana a Tattaunawar Takaici. Foris / de Gruyter.Aikin tushe: muhawara da aka nazarce a matsayin ayyukan magana da nufin warware bambancin ra'ayi.
- van Eemeren, F. H., & Grootendorst, R. (1992). Tattaunawa, Sadarwa, da Karya. Lawrence Erlbaum.Dokoki guda goma don tattaunawa mai zurfi — da sake fasalin kuskure a matsayin karya dokoki.
- van Eemeren, F. H., & Grootendorst, R. (2004). Tsarin Tsari na Tattaunawa: Hanyar Pragma-Dialectical. Cambridge University Press.Tsarin hadin gwiwar ra'ayi, wanda ya haɗa da matakai hudu na tattaunawa mai mahimmanci a matsayin samfurin da ya dace.
- Tessler, M. H., da sauransu. (2024). AI na iya taimaka wa mutane su sami hadin kai a cikin tattaunawar dimokuradiyya. Science, 386.Gwaje-gwajen Injin Habermas: Tattaunawa ta hanyar AI tare da fiye da masu halarta 5,700 daga Birtaniya, kungiyoyi sun kasance cikin rarrabewa kadan, ra'ayoyin ƙananan an ci gaba da wakilta su a fili.
- Pragma-dialectics — littafin nazari (misali, Littafin Hanyar Tattaunawa na Springer).Hanyoyin magani na biyu masu sauƙin samu na matakai hudu, dokoki goma, da matsayin samfurin da ya dace na tattaunawar mai mahimmanci.
Tambayoyi da ake yawan yi
Menene matakai hudu na muhawara?
A cikin tsarin magana na pragma-dialectical, muhawara mai amfani tana wucewa ta matakai hudu: (1) Takarar — gano rashin jituwa da matsayin kowanne bangare; (2) Fara — yarda da dokoki, wuraren farawa da aka raba, da wanda ke daukar nauyin shaidar; (3) Muhawara — gabatar da hujjoji da shaidu da gwada su ta hanyar musantawa da tambayoyi; da (4) Kammalawa — auna abin da ya tsira, yanke shawara, da rubuta sakamakon. Mafi yawan gazawa shine tsallake matakan takarar da fara da kuma tsallake kai tsaye zuwa muhawara.
Menene hanyar pragma-dialectical?
Pragma-dialectics wata ka'ida ce ta muhawara da aka kirkiro tun daga karshen shekarun 1970 ta Frans van Eemeren da Rob Grootendorst a Jami'ar Amsterdam, wanda aka bayyana a cikin littattafai daga Speech Acts in Argumentative Discussions (1984) zuwa A Systematic Theory of Argumentation (2004). Yana daukar muhawara ba a matsayin fada don lashe ba amma a matsayin "tattaunawa mai mahimmanci" wacce burinta shine warware sabani na gaskiya akan fa'idodi. Yana bayyana matakai hudu na wannan tattaunawa da dokoki goma don gudanar da ita cikin adalci — kuma yana sake fasalta tsofaffin kuskuren lissafi a matsayin take hakkin waɗannan dokokin.
Menene dokoki goma don muhawara mai adalci?
Ka'idojin pragma-dialectical don tattaunawa mai mahimmanci sune: ka'idar 'yanci (babu shiru), ka'idar nauyin shaidar (kari kan abin da ka tabbatar), ka'idar matsayi (babu gungun shahararru), ka'idar dacewa (yi muhawara akan batun), ka'idar tushe mara bayyana (babu sanya kalmomi a cikin bakunan mutane), ka'idar farawa (babu juyawa kan tushe da aka yarda da shi), ka'idar tsarin muhawara (yi amfani da kyawawan hanyoyin tunani), ka'idar inganci (tunanin kammala dole ne ya zama ingantacce), ka'idar rufewa (janye wani matsayi da ya gaza), da ka'idar amfani (ka kasance a bayyane, karanta da kyakkyawar niyya). Keta wata ka'ida shine abin da kuskure yake a cikin wannan tsarin.
Ta yaya kuke tsara muhawara a cikin dandalin kan layi ko kayan aikin async?
Tsara matakai hudu a kan kayan aikin. Tattaunawa: zare guda daya a kowace tambaya, tare da bayyana ra'ayoyin daga farko. Fara: sanya dokoki, ma'anoni, da abubuwan da aka yarda da su. Tattaunawa: amsoshin pro/con da aka saka juna wanda kowanne ke bukatar shaidar, tare da hanyar tambayar karin bayani. Kammalawa: kimantawa ko zaɓi don auna hujjoji, taƙaitaccen rubutu, da rajistar yanke shawara mai ɗorewa. Tsarin yana yin abin da mai gudanarwa mai ƙwarewa ke yi a cikin dakin — kuma binciken 2024 a cikin Science kan tattaunawar da AI ke jagoranta ya gano cewa aiki daga matsayin rubutaccen da mahalarta suka bayyana yana taimakawa ƙungiyoyi su sami ƙarin haɗin kai da barin rarrabawa ƙasa.
Me yasa yawancin muhawara ke kasa kaiwa ga hukunci?
Saboda suna tsallake tsarin. Mutane suna jayayya kafin su yarda abin da ake yanke shawara (babu matakin jayayya), ba tare da ka'idojin da aka raba ko gaskiya ba (babu matakin bude), suna musayar hujjoji ba tare da shaidar ba (matakin jayayya mai rauni), kuma suna karewa ba tare da sakamakon da aka rubuta ba (babu matakin kammala). Saboda haka, rashin jituwa yana sake bayyana daga baya saboda babu abin da aka warware ko aka rubuta.
Ta yaya Argumentree ke tsara muhawara?
Argumentree yana gina matakai hudu cikin samfurin. Tattaunawa tana farawa daga tambaya ta tsakiya tare da ra'ayoyi masu bayyana (takarar). Ayyuka, wurare, da mahallin da aka raba suna tsara shi (bude). Itace ta hujjoji ta pro/con tana tattara hujjoji da shaidun, tare da kimantawa da musayar ra'ayi (tattaunawa). Kuma maki na goyon baya da cikakken hanyar bincike suna juya tattaunawar zuwa hukunci da aka rubuta (kammala) — don haka ba a sake shari'a daga tushe ba.
Tattaunawa tare da tsari. Yanke shawara bisa ga rikodi.
Hanyoyi hudu, ra'ayoyi masu bayyana, hujjoji masu kyau da marasa kyau, da kuma shawara da ta tsaya — an gina su cikin kayan aikin maimakon dogaro da mai jagoranci.
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Deliberation & Decision Science
The Argumentree team is building the collaborative decision-making platform Argumentree. Our mission is to transform how organizations make, document, and learn from decisions.
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Gish Gallop
Wane tsari ne DON: dabarar tarin koke-koke tana mutuwa lokacin da kowanne koke yake da nasa node tare da nasa nauyin shaidar.
Canza maƙasudin
Ka'idojin da ke canzawa bayan an cika su — da tambayar da aka tsara wadda ke bayyana su a rubuce kafin tattaunawar ta fara.
Shiga tattaunawar
Wane mataki ne ƙungiyarku ke tsallakewa — kuma menene hakan ya jawo muku? Yi hujja a cikin al'umma.
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