Critical Thinking

Hanyar Taro ta Socrates mai shekaru 2,400: Tambayoyi guda shida da suka fi kowanne tsarin zamani.

A T
Argumentree Team
Leadership Strategy
March 7, 2026
9 min karanta
Wani hoto na Socrates a cikin dutse mai haske yana zaune a gaban teburin taron zamani na gilashi, tare da shugabannin kamfanoni a kowane gefen suna juyawa zuwa gare shi a tsaka da tattaunawa.

Hanyar Socratic a Kasuwanci: Nau'in Tambayoyi Shida, Kamfanonin Da Suka Kafa Tambayoyi A Matsayin Hanya, Da Yadda Ake Gudanar Da Ita Ba Tare Da Jinkirin Komai Ba

Hanyar Socratic hanya ce ta tambayoyi da aka tsara — Socrates ya kira wannan aiki elenchus — wanda ke bayyana tunanin da aka ɓoye da kuma gwada ko ana iya tabbatar da ikirari. A cikin kasuwanci, yana yaki da tasirin HiPPO (ra'ayin wanda aka biya mafi yawa yana mamaye) da tunanin rukuni ta hanyar sanya sabani ya zama na tsari maimakon na mutum. Tsarin tambayoyi guda shida da aka fi amfani da su na Socratic ya fito ne daga masanin tunani mai zurfi Richard Paul: bayyana, bincika tunani, bincika shaidar, bincika ra'ayoyi, tambayar tasiri, da tambayar tambayar kanta. Akwai nau'ikan kamfanoni da aka rubuta: takardar al'adu ta Netflix — wanda Sheryl Sandberg ta kira wataƙila mafi mahimmancin takarda da ta fito daga Valley — tana kafa tsarin neman sabani, inda ake yawo da shawarwari don a yi musu nazari kafin wani jagora mai ilimi ya yanke shawara; Charlie Munger ya shahara da ka'idar lissafi ta Jacobi wacce ta ce a juyar da komai, koyaushe a juyar da shi a matsayin tsari na tambaya don ra'ayoyin zuba jari; da kuma shawarar da aka gina bisa ra'ayi tana gudana ne akan tambayoyi masu maimaitawa na "me yasa" da tsarin yanayi-matsala-tambaya na Barbara Minto. Huɗar hujja ita ce lokaci: tambayoyin Socratic ba su dace da kowace shawara ba — ajiye su don zaɓuɓɓukan da ke da tasiri, masu wahalar juyawa, kuma a sanya lokaci a kai. A cikin 2025, masu bincike suna ƙirƙirar na'urorin tattaunawa na AI waɗanda ke taka rawar tambayar Socratic a cikin yanke shawara na rukuni don yaki da tasirin zamantakewa. Argumentree yana tsara tattaunawa ta hanyar Socratic ta tsohuwa: tambaya ta tsakiya, hujjoji masu bayyana na goyon baya da akasin goyon baya, shaidar da aka haɗa da ikirari, da kuma duba hujja na AI akan kowace mika.

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TL;DR

A cikin shekara ta 399 BC, Athens ta hukunta wani mutum wanda hanyar sa ita ce tambayar mutane su tabbatar da abin da suka ce suna sani. Hanyar ta wuce hukuncin: tambayoyi masu tsari har yanzu suna daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa wajen raba abin da ƙungiya ke sani daga abin da kawai take yi imani da shi — kuma kamfanonin da suka kafa wannan tsarin sun yi hakan tare da tsari, ba tare da mutum ba.

  • Hanyoyi guda shida na tambaya (tsarin Richard Paul): bayyana, bincika tunani, bincika shaidar, canza hangen nesa, gwada tasiri, tambayi tambayar.
  • Hanyar tana zamantakewa, ba kawai tunani ba: lokacin da tambaya ta zama tsarin aiki, rashin jituwa yana daina zama hadarin aiki — maganin kai tsaye ga tasirin HiPPO.
  • Hanyoyin kamfanoni da aka rubuta: Neman sabani na Netflix, juyawa koyaushe na Munger, dalilin tura ra'ayi na shawarar da aka gina bisa tunani.
  • Gaskiyar iyaka ita ce lokaci: gudanar da ita akan shawarwari masu tasiri, masu wahalar juyawa da kuma sanya lokaci - ba akan kowanne ƙofa mai hanyoyi biyu ba.
  • Ka'idoji guda biyu suna sa ya yi aiki: babu tabbaci ba tare da shaida ba, babu watsi ba tare da shiga cikin mafi karfi sigar ikirarin.

A cikin shekara ta 399 BC, kwamitin shari'a na Athens ya hukunta Socrates da kisa. Kwatancen hukuncin sun hada da rashin addini da kuma lalata matasa — kuma wani bangare na wannan hukuncin na biyu shine tambayoyin da aka yi: matasan Athens sun fara kwaikwayo da shi, suna binciken manyan su a bainar jama'a, kuma maza da aka bincika sun zargi malamin. 'Yan siyasa ba su iya bayyana ka'idojin da ke bayan manufofinsu ba. Janar ba su iya bayyana jaruntaka ba. Ikon su ya dogara ne akan kwarewar da aka dauka — kuma kwarewar da aka dauka tana bacewa a karkashin tambayoyi na tsari. Amma takardar zargin ba ta iya bayyana duk abin da take nufi ba. Wani dokar afuwa da aka wuce a shekara ta 403 BC ta hana gurfanar da wanda aka zarga bisa ga halayen da suka shafi Tyrants Talatin, kuma abokan Socrates na kusa sun hada da Alcibiades, wanda ya baro zuwa Sparta, da Critias, wanda ya jagoranci Talatin — duka an ambace su daga mai zargin, kamar yadda Xenophon ya ruwaito. Rashin addini shine zargin da aka yarda da shi don korafi wanda kuma ya kasance na siyasa.

Athens ta kashe mutumin; hanyar ta kasance mai wahala a aiwatar. Shekaru ashirin da hudu bayan haka, 'ya'yan da aka san su suna gudana a cikin tsarin tayin Netflix, tsarin zuba jari na Berkshire Hathaway, da kowanne itace na tunanin kowanne kamfanin shawara — saboda matsalar da Socrates ya yi aiki akanta tana da dindindin: mutane suna da kyau fiye da kera tabbacin da suka yi fiye da gwada su.

Yanzu yi amfani da gwajin inda ya ciwo. A taron tsarin ku na ƙarshe, nawa ne aka bayyana da'awa — kuma nawa ne aka nemi su nuna hujja? Wannan ɓangaren yana rufe abin da Socrates ya yi ainihi (yana da daidaito fiye da tambayar tambayoyi da yawa), nau'ikan tambayoyi guda shida da suka dace a koya, kamfanonin da suka juya tambayoyi zuwa tsarin aiki, da amsar gaskiya ga ƙalubalen da kowanne mai aiki ke ɗaga: wa ya sami lokaci?

Malam mafi hikima a Athens shine wanda
wanda ya san abin da bai sani ba.

Labari na Delphi a cikin Apology na Plato, an taƙaita

Abin da Socrates ya yi a hakikanin gaskiya

Kuskuren karatu na gama gari shine cewa hanyar Socratic tana nufin yin mai kare shaidar shaidar. Aikin da Socrates ya kira elenchus yana da tsanani: wanda ake magana akai yana bayyana wani ikirari; mai tambaya yana fitar da tushe-tushe da ikirarin ke dogara akai; tambayar tana nuna cewa waɗannan tushe-tushe ba su bayyana ba, ba a gwada su ba, ko kuma suna cikin sabani — sannan wanda ake magana akai yana gyara. Manufar ba ita ce ta lashe ba. Manufar ita ce maye gurbin jahilci mai tabbaci da ingantaccen hoto na abin da aka sani a hakikanin gaskiya.

Plato's Apology na adana dariya ta asali na hanyar: an gaya masa cewa oracle a Delphi ya kira shi mafi wayo daga cikin mutane, Socrates ya tafi neman wanda ya fi shi wayo kuma ya gano cewa masana da ya tambaya ba su san abin da suka yi tunanin sun sani ba — yayin da shi, a kalla, ba ya tunanin ya san abin da ba ya sani. A cikin taro, wannan yana da alaƙa da mafi mahimmancin jumla da mai yanke shawara zai iya ji: ba mu san wannan ba tukuna. Kowace ikirari a cikin dakin yana rabuwa zuwa wanda aka tabbatar, wanda za a iya gwadawa, ko kawai wanda wani mai matsayi ya bayyana — kuma ba tare da tambayoyi masu tsari ba, rukuni na uku yana samun nasara ta tsohuwa.

Nau'in Tambayoyi Shida

Tsarin da mafi yawan malamai ke amfani da shi ya fito ne daga masanin tunani mai zurfi Richard Paul: rukuni guda shida, kowanne yana nufin rauni daban-daban na tunani. Ga kowanne tare da tsarin taron kasuwanci:

1

Bayani

“Menene ma'anar ci gaban da ya dace da dorewa?”

Yana bayyana rashin bayyana wanda kowa ke amincewa da shi amma babu wanda ya bayyana.

2

Binciken tunani

“Me muke zaton game da halayen abokan ciniki a nan?”

Fuskantar ra'ayoyin da aka ɓoye wanda matsayin yake tsaye akai — yawanci ba a gwada su ba, wani lokaci kuma ba daidai ba.

3

Binciken shaidar

“Wane shaidar ke goyon bayan ikirarin cewa wannan zai inganta riƙewa?”

Yana raba ikirarin da ke da bayanai daga ikirarin da kawai ke jin gaskiya.

4

Binciken ra'ayoyi

“Me zai ce mai zuba jari mu wanda ya fi shakku game da wannan shirin?”

Yana karya kungiyar daga tsarin da suka raba ta ta hanyar zama a wani.

5

Tambayar ma'anoni

“Idan wannan farashin ya yi aiki, me ya kamata bayanan Q3 su nuna — kuma za mu duba?”

Gwaje-gwaje ko sakamakon suna hasashen wani abu ainihi — tazara tsakanin jin daɗi da kuma hasashen da ya dace.

6

Tambayar tambaya

“Me yasa wannan aka tsara a matsayin gina-akan-sayi kwata-kwata?”

Kalubale ga tsarin kansa; wani lokaci tambayar da ake yi ita ce tambayar da ba ta dace ba.

Me yasa Taron Zamani ke Zabar Kiyayya da Shi

Idan hanyar tana da tasiri haka, me ya sa take da wuya? Akwai karfi guda uku da ke aiki a kan ta. Tasirin HiPPO: tsarin matsayin yana sanya tambayoyi ga hukuma a matsayin rashin biyayya, don haka ra'ayin da aka fi biya yana tafiya ba tare da an duba ba. Wannan taron: taruka da yawa suna amincewa da shawarwari da aka riga aka yi, kuma tambayoyi na gaske suna jinkirta aikin. Kuma matsin lokaci: tambayoyi suna daukar mintuna da ajanda mai cike ba ta bayar ba — yanke shawara ana lada a lokacin, ingancin shawara kawai daga baya.

Lura cewa duk uku suna da alaƙa da zamantakewa da tsarin, ba ilimi ba. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa gyaran ma yana da tsarin — wannan shine sakamakon da binciken bambancin tunani ya kai daga wata hanya: ba ka samun tambayoyi ta hanyar daukar mutane masu jarumta; kana samun ta hanyar sanya tambayoyi a matsayin tsarin.

Kamfanonin da suka sanya tambayoyi cikin tsarin aiki

Netflix: noma don adawa

Takardar al'adu ta Netflix — takardar da Sheryl Sandberg ta kira wata daga cikin mafi mahimmanci da ta taɓa fitowa daga Valley — ta kafa tsarin abin da kamfanin kansa ya kira noma don sabani: kafin yanke shawara mai mahimmanci, shugaban da ya dace yana rarraba takarda kuma yana neman ra'ayi na rubuce daga dubban abokan aiki, sabani yana rubuce a fili. Manufar zane ita ce ta Socratic: ana neman sabani, don haka bayyana shi yana nufin shiga, ba kalubale ba. Littafin Hastings da Meyer No Rules Rules (2020) yana bayyana wannan aikin a cikin daki-daki.

Munger: juya, koyaushe juya

Charlie Munger ya shahara da ka'idar mai lissafi Carl Jacobi — juya, koyaushe juya — a matsayin tsarin zuba jari: maimakon tambayar yadda ra'ayi zai yi nasara, tambayi daidai yadda zai gaza, sannan duba ko waɗannan sharuɗɗan gazawa suna nan. Wannan shine tambayar da Paul ke yi a juyawa, kuma yana canza takardar zuba jari daga goyon baya zuwa bincike. Hanyar premortem a cikin littafin dabarun mu na son zuciya ita ce wannan motsi, wanda aka kafa don ƙungiyoyi.

Tattaunawa: dalilin ruwan zuba

Tattaunawar da ke kan tunani mai tushe tana gudana ne ta hanyar tambayoyi masu maimaitawa: bayyana tunanin, tambayi dalilin da ya sa zai zama gaskiya, kuma ci gaba da tambaya har sai ka kai ga ko dai ikirarin da za a iya gwadawa ko kuma wani tunani da abokin ciniki bai taɓa bayyana ba. Tsarin yanayi–matsala–tambaya na Barbara Minto — ginshiƙin sadarwar shawara tun daga shekarunta a McKinsey — yana tilasta kowace shawara ta bayyana tambayar da take amsa kafin ta yi hujja. Elenchus, a cikin fayil ɗin gabatarwa.

Amma wa ne ke da lokaci?

Hujjar tana da kyau, kuma amsar gaskiya ita ce: ba kowanne hukunci ba. Tambayoyin Socratic tunani ne na hanyar da aka tsara, kuma gudanar da shi akan kiran yau da kullum, wanda za a iya juyawa, shine yadda tsarin ke zama wasan kwaikwayo. Ka'idar triage daga littafin wasan satisficing tana aiki kai tsaye — hukuncin ƙofa biyu yana samun sauri; ƙofofin hanya ɗaya, waɗanda ke da sakamako kuma suna da wahalar juyawa, sune inda awa guda na tambayoyi masu tsari shine mafi arha inshora da ake da ita.

Kuma idan an yi shi da kyau, yana da iyaka, ba mara iyaka ba. Elenchus yana da ƙarshen: yana ƙarewa lokacin da aka sanya tunanin a kan tebur kuma kowanne an rarraba shi zuwa wanda aka tabbatar, yana buƙatar gwaji, ko wanda ba a goyi bayan. Wani zama da aka tsara lokaci tare da dokoki guda biyu da ke ƙasa yana ƙarewa akai-akai a cikin ƙasa da awa guda — mintuna goma na farko an yi su, Socratically, don kafa wane tambaya ne ainihin ake yanke hukunci. Mafi yawan tarurrukan suna tsallake wannan mataki daidai kuma suna biya farashin sa a ƙasa.

Gudanar da Shi: Mai Sauƙaƙe da Dokoki Biyu

Rawar mai jagoranci ita ce abin da Socrates ya kira haihuwa — maieutic: fitar da ilimin kungiyar maimakon saka naka. Mai jagorancin yana tambaya, ba ya tabbatarwa, kuma ba zai iya zama mai ruwa da tsaki a sakamakon ba; mai tambaya tare da amsar da ya fi so yana zama mai kare ra'ayi a cikin sutura.

Ka'idodi guda biyu ne ke jagorantar taron. Babu tabbatarwa ba tare da shaidar ba — duk wani ikirari dole ne ya ambaci bayanan, shari'a, ko dalilin da ke bayansa; ina tsammanin abokan ciniki za su so wannan ra'ayi ne, ba hujja ba. Kuma babu watsi ba tare da shiga cikin tattaunawa ba — ba za ka iya ƙin karɓar wani matsayi ba tare da farko ka shiga cikin mafi ƙarfi na shi, wanda shine dokar steelmanning da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin dakin. Tare suna canza abin da ya shafi magana: ikirari yana zama mai tsada, rashin jituwa mai dalili yana zama mai rahusa. Wannan juyin shine dukkan hanyar.

Babu ikirari ba tare da shaida ba.
Babu korar aiki ba tare da shiga cikin tattaunawa ba.

Ka'idoji guda biyu na taron Socratic

Footnote na 2025: Injin Socratic a Dakin

Sabon daliban wannan hanya sune software. Masana bincike yanzu suna ƙirƙirar samfuran wakilan tattaunawa da aka tsara don taka rawa a matsayin mai tambaya na Socratic a cikin yanke shawara na rukuni — suna kalubalantar sabbin ra'ayoyi da kuma ƙarfafa hujja daidai saboda mahalarta mutane suna jin tsoron yin hakan (duba, misali, takardar da aka buga a 2025 akan wakilan tattaunawa a matsayin masu haɓaka tunani mai zurfi, arXiv:2503.14263). Kwanakin farko — amma hangen nesa na ƙira ya dace da na Socrates: mai tambaya yana da amfani sosai lokacin da ba shi da sha'awa ko tsoro.

Ba kwa buƙatar jira wannan binciken ya girma, saboda sigar tsarin tuni tana aiki: ku sanya tambayoyin cikin yanke shawarar tsarin da suke tafiya, kuma tsarin yana tambayar su a kowane lokaci, daga kowa, ba tare da mai sauƙaƙe a cikin dakin ba.

Tambayar tantancewa

Ka ɗauki ƙarshe mai mahimmanci: shin wani a cikin ɗakin zai iya cewa wane shaidar zai canza shi?

Inda Argumentree Ya Dace

Argumentree tsari ne na Socratic a matsayin samfurin bayanai. Kowace tattaunawa tana farawa da tambaya mai ma'ana — matakin da taron ke tsallake. Kowace hujja tana bayyana matsayin ta kuma tana haɗa shaidarta, don haka zargin da ba a goyi bayan sa yana bayyana a matsayin haka. Binciken hujjar AI yana duba kowace aikace-aikace don maimaitawa, gurbatawa da dangantaka mai ma'ana da ikirarin da take magana akai, kuma kimantawa suna ba wa rukuni damar auna hujjoji bisa ga ingancinsu maimakon tushensu.

Sakamakon shine mai tambaya mai dorewa, ba tare da wani kaso ba: tsarin kansa yana tambayar me kake nufi, menene shaidarka, da abin da ke biyo baya — a kowane tattaunawa, ba tare da bukatar Socrates a cikin ma'aikata ba.

Hukuncin, An Juya

Athens ta yanke hukuncin cewa tambayoyi na tsarin suna da tasiri mai yawa da ba za a iya jurewa ba. Kungiyoyi na zamani suna kaiwa ga wannan hukuncin a kowane mako — ba tare da hemlock ba, amma tare da ajanda da ba ta bar wani wuri don menene ainihin abin da muka sani? Kamfanonin da suka canza hukuncin sun yi hakan ta hanyar tsarin: sun sanya tambayoyin cikin tsari, don haka babu wanda ya kamata ya zama jarumi don tambayar su.

Zabin ku na gaba mai mahimmanci zai ƙ multa da'awar da ke cikin tufafin ilimi. Hanyar bambance su ta kasance a shirye tun shekaru ashirin da hudu. Ƙarin zamani kawai shine sanya ba wanda ke da aikin musamman — kuma saboda haka na kowa.

Tabbataccen ra'ayi ya kamata ya zama mai tsada. Rashin jituwa mai dalili ya kamata ya zama mai rahusa.

Yi Tambayoyin Tsari

Tambaya mai mahimmanci, hujjojin da ke dauke da shaidar, da kimantawa bisa ga cancanta — hanyar Socratic a matsayin tsarin tsoho na kungiyar ku.

Hanyoyin Koyo & Karatu na Ƙari

Tambayoyi da ake yawan yi

Menene hanyar Socratic a cikin mahallin kasuwanci?

Wannan tambayoyi ne da aka tsara wanda ke tilasta bayyana dalili: maimakon karɓar ikirari, kungiyar tana tambayar abin da ikirari ke nufi, abin da yake ɗauka, wane shaidar ke goyon bayan sa, da abin da yake hasashen. Socrates ya kira wannan aikin elenchus. A cikin kasuwanci, yana aiki a matsayin hanyar tsayayya ga tasirin HiPPO da tunanin rukuni, saboda lokacin da tambaya take zama tsarin, kalubalantar ikirari yana zama shiga maimakon tafka muhawara.

Menene nau'ikan tambayoyi guda shida na Socratic?

A cikin tsarin Richard Paul da aka fi amfani da shi: bayyana (menene ainihin ma'anar ku?), bincika tunani (menene muke dauka a matsayin gaskiya?), bincika shaidar (menene ke goyon bayan wannan?), bincika ra'ayoyi (yaya mai shakku zai gan shi?), tambayar tasiri (idan gaskiya ne, menene zai biyo baya — kuma za mu duba?), da tambayar tambayar kanta (shin wannan ma daidai ne?). Kowanne yana nufin rauni daban-daban na tunani.

Ta yaya tambayoyin Socratic ke hana tunani na rukuni?

Tunani na rukuni yana ci gaba saboda rashin jituwa yana da farashi na zamantakewa. Tsarin Socratic yana cire farashin ta hanyar sanya kalubale a cikin tsarin: lokacin da tsarin kansa ya tambayi menene mafi karfi a matsayin hujja, babu wanda ke zama mai wahala — ana bin ajandar. Neman ra'ayi na Netflix shine sigar kamfani da aka rubuta: ana neman ra'ayi a rubuce kafin wani masani ya yanke shawara.

Shin tambayoyin Socratic ba sa jinkirta yanke shawara?

Eh — wanda ya sa ya kamata a rarraba shi. Ajiye shi don yanke shawara masu tasiri, masu wahalar juyawa (kofofin hanya guda), a tsara lokaci, kuma a bar yanke shawara masu juyawa su tafi da sauri. Idan an gudanar da shi yadda ya kamata, elenchus yana da wani ƙarshen: yana ƙarewa lokacin da aka bayyana ra'ayoyin da aka tsara su cikin wanda aka tabbatar, wanda ke buƙatar gwaji, ko wanda ba a goyi bayan sa ba — akai-akai cikin awa ɗaya, gami da mintuna goma da aka kashe wajen kafa tambayar da ainihin ake yanke shawara akai.

Menene rawar maieutic na mai sauƙaƙe Socratic?

Maieutic — daga Girkanci na haihuwa, misalin Socrates — yana nufin fitar da ilimin da kungiyar ke da shi maimakon saka naka. Mai sauƙaƙe yana tambaya maimakon tabbatarwa, ba shi da sha'awa a cikin sakamakon, kuma yana mai da hankali kan tunani maimakon kammalawa. Mai sauƙaƙe da amsar da aka fi so yana zama mai kare ra'ayi a cikin sutura, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa wannan rawar bai kamata ta kasance ga wanda ke da hukuncin ba.

Shin za ka iya amfani da hanyar Socratic a cikin tattaunawa guda-guda?

Eh — wannan shine ginshiƙin kyawawan tattaunawar horo. Maimakon bayar da umarni, ka nemi mutumin ya bayyana tunaninsa, ya ambaci abin da yake ƙoƙarin inganta, kuma ya yi la'akari da abin da zai ba da shawara ga wani a cikin irin wannan matsayi. Fahimtar da aka samar daga cikin mutum yana canza hali fiye da tsawon lokaci fiye da ra'ayin umarni — ka'idar maieutic da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin gudanarwa.

Ta yaya Argumentree ke aiwatar da tsarin Socratic?

Kowane tattaunawa yana farawa daga tambaya mai ma'ana; kowanne hujja tana bayyana ko tana goyon baya ko kuma tana adawa da kuma dauke da shaidarta; binciken hujjojin AI yana duba gabatarwa don maimaitawa, gurbatawa da dangantaka ta hankali da mahaifinta; kuma kimantawa suna nauyin hujjoji bisa ga cancanta maimakon matsayi. Tsarin kansa yana tambayar tambayoyin Socratic — me kake nufi, menene shaidarka, menene ke biyo baya — a kowane tattaunawa, ba tare da bukatar mai saukaka mai kwarewa ya kasance a wurin ba.

Fara Kowace Muhimmin Tattaunawa Da Tambaya Mafi Kyau

Argumentree yana tsara tattaunawa kamar yadda Socrates zai yi: tambayar a fili, shaidar da ake bukata, da rashin jituwa ana maraba da shi.

Babu katin kiredit da ake bukataSaita cikin mintunaSake janye a kowane lokaci
A T

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Littattafan da suka shafi wannan

Shin tambayar hukuma ya kamata ta zama tsarin aiki — ko kuwa wannan ma wasan kwaikwayo ne?

Yi muhawara a cikin tsarin Socratic, a shafin Argumentree.

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