Amazon ta haramta PowerPoint, Google na rubuta takardun zane, Bridgewater na rikodin komai: Taron da aka fara da rubutu, da yadda za a aiwatar da shi
A cikin 2003, Hukumar Binciken Hadarin Columbia ta ambaci PowerPoint a cikin hadarin shuttle: 'Hukumar ta ga amfani da PowerPoint a matsayin gabatarwa maimakon takardun fasaha a matsayin misali na hanyoyin sadarwa na fasaha da ke da matsala a NASA.' Shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2004, Jeff Bezos ya aiko da imel ga babban tawagar Amazon yana haramta PowerPoint daga tarurrukan su — aikin da daga bisani ya kira wataƙila shine mafi kyawun abu da muka taɓa yi. Amazon ta maye gurbin slides da takardun labari guda shida da ake karantawa a hankali a farkon kowanne taro ('dakin karatu'); imel din Bezos na 2004 ya yi ikirarin cewa tsarin labarin na kyakkyawan takarda yana tilasta tunani mafi kyau da fahimta mafi kyau na abin da ya fi muhimmanci fiye da wani, da yadda abubuwa ke da alaƙa. Hakanan tsarin rubutu na farko yana bayyana a cikin kamfanoni da aka sani da ingancin yanke shawara: takardun zane na Google (da aka rubuta a cikin Injiniyan Software a Google) suna buƙatar bayanan matsala da zaɓuɓɓuka kafin babban aikin fasaha; OKRs suna tilasta rubutaccen ƙa'idar nasara; Bridgewater ƙarƙashin Ray Dalio yana ɗaukar tarurruka da rubuta sabani a matsayin wani ɓangare na kyakkyawan tsarin ra'ayi; rubutun McKinsey yana gudana bisa ka'idar Barbara Minto ta Pyramid — kammalawa da farko, goyon baya bisa ga muhimmanci. Ainihin kididdigar taron shine binciken HBR na Perlow, Hadley da Eun (2017): daga cikin manajoji 182 da aka bincika, 65% sun ce tarurruka suna hana su kammala aikinsu na kansu kuma 71% sun kira tarurruka marasa amfani da rashin inganci. Aiwatarwa ga kowanne tawaga: gyara taron mai mahimmanci guda ɗaya; buƙatar takardar taƙaitawa a cikin awanni 48 kafin (abin da muke yanke shawara, zaɓuɓɓuka, shawarwari, dalili); fara da karatun shiru; adana takardar tare da shawarar. Huɗubar hujja — rubutu yana rage sauri — an amsa ta hanyar ka'idodin saurin Bezos (yanke shawara tare da ~70% na bayanai; sabani da jajircewa): ka'idar rubutu tana tsara yadda tunani ke bayyana, ba yadda tsawon lokacin yanke shawara yake ba.
A cikin 2003, hukumar da ke binciken hadarin Columbia ta zargi, daga cikin abubuwa da dama, slayidin PowerPoint — 'amfani da slayidin PowerPoint na yau da kullum maimakon takardun fasaha,' a cewar rahoton. Shekara guda bayan haka, Jeff Bezos ya haramta slayidi daga tarukan Amazon kuma ya maye gurbinsu da takardun labarai guda shida da ake karantawa cikin shiru. Tsarin yana yaduwa: kamfanonin da aka fi girmamawa saboda ingancin yanke shawara sun yi daidai kan wannan ka'ida — rubutu mai tsari kafin taron, ba gabatarwa a lokacin taron ba.
- Adadin gaskiya: a cikin binciken HBR na 2017 na shugabannin manyan ma'aikata 182, 65% sun ce tarurruka suna hana su kammala aikinsu; 71% sun kira tarurruka marasa amfani (Perlow, Hadley & Eun).
- Hanyar Amazon: takardar shafi shida tare da karatun shiru na 'dakin karatu' — bayanai daidai kafin kowa ya yi magana, tunani a kan rajista har abada.
- Haɓakar haɗin gwiwa: Takardun zane na Google, OKRs, tsarin cancantar ra'ayi na Bridgewater, Ka'idar Pyramid ta McKinsey — hanyoyi daban-daban, ka'ida guda.
- Sauri ba shine farashi ba: Bezos ya haɗa ka'idar rubutu tare da yanke shawara a kan bayanai 70% da rashin yarda da kuma yarda — wannan takardar tana tsara yadda tunani yake bayyana, ba yadda tsawon lokacin yanke shawara yake ba.
- Kowane ƙungiya na iya farawa: taron guda, takardar taƙaitaccen bayani guda 48 hours kafin, minti goma na karatun shiru, da takardar taƙaitaccen bayani an adana tare da shawarar.
A ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2003, yayin da jirgin sama na Columbia ke cikin sararin samaniya, injiniyoyi sun yi wa manajan NASA bayani kan harin foams da jikin jirgin ya sha a lokacin tashi. Binciken ya kasance na gaskiya; tsarin ya kasance shafin PowerPoint da aka cika da bullets da gajerun kalmomi har ya sa mafi tayar da hankali a cikin sakamakon sa ya zama kusan ba a gan shi. Hukumar binciken ta sake fitar da wannan shafin a cikin rahoton ta kuma ta lura cewa yana da sauƙin fahimta yadda babban manaja zai karanta shi ba tare da fahimtar cewa yana magana ne akan yanayi mai haɗari ga rayuwa — sannan ta fitar da jumlar da ta sa software na gabatarwa ya zama wani ɓangare na tarihin haɗari: Hukumar tana ganin yawan amfani da shafukan gabatarwa na PowerPoint maimakon takardun fasaha a matsayin misali na hanyoyin da ke da matsala na sadarwar fasaha a NASA.
Wata sha tara bayan haka — 9 ga Yuni, 2004, 6:02 na yamma — Jeff Bezos ya aiko da imel ga babban tawagar Amazon tare da taken Babu gabatarwar powerpoint daga yanzu a steam. Dalilin da ya bayyana ba ya shafi NASA kuma yana da alaka da wannan ganewar: tsarin labarin kyakkyawan memo, ya rubuta, yana tilasta tunani mafi kyau da fahimta mafi kyau game da abin da ya fi muhimmanci fiye da wani, da yadda abubuwa suke da alaƙa — kuma maki a cikin Word, ya kara da cewa, za su kasance daidai da haka. Shekaru bayan haka ya kira haramcin a matsayin mafi wayo abin da muka taɓa yi.
Yanzu duba kalandarka. Nawa daga cikin tarukan wannan makon za su fara da wani yana gabatar da slides da dakin ke ganin su a karon farko — mai gabatarwa tare da awanni na shiri, masu yanke shawara tare da seconds a kowanne maki? Wannan rubutun yana bayyana abin da Amazon ke yi a maimakon haka, irin wannan tsarin da aka gano a zaman kansa a Google, Bridgewater da McKinsey, adadin gaskiya akan abin da taruka ke cost, da kuma sigar matakai hudu da kowanne ƙungiya za ta iya gudanarwa a kwata na gaba.
Amfani da takardun gabatarwa na PowerPoint maimakon takardun fasaha yana yawan faruwa.
a matsayin misali na hanyoyin da ke da matsala na sadarwar fasaha a NASA.
— Hukumar Binciken Hadarin Columbia, Rahoton Juzu'i na 1 (2003)
Abin da Slides ke yi ga Shawarwari
Fara da wahala da aka auna. A cikin binciken da ke bayan Stop the Meeting Madness na Harvard Business Review (Perlow, Hadley & Eun, 2017), daga cikin manajoji 182 masu daraja a fannonin masana'antu, 65% sun ce tarurruka suna hana su kammala aikinsu kuma 71% sun kira tarurruka marasa amfani da rashin inganci. Wadannan lambobin suna bayyana taron a matsayin wata hukuma; takardar gabatarwar tana bayyana wani ɓangare na tsarin.
Deck yana haifar da rashin daidaito na bayani ta hanyar zane: mai gabatarwa ya shafe awanni yana tsara kayan; dakin yana fuskantar shi a sanyi, a cikin lokaci na gaske, yayin da yake kokarin sauraron. Kuma tsarin yana kyautata ra'ayi mai rauni — shafin da ke karanta inganta gamsuwa → haɓaka NPS → ƙaddamar da shirin aminci yana kama da silsilar dalilai yayin da yake ɗauke da hujjoji guda uku da ba a duba ba. Rubutun Edward Tufte The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint (2003) ya gabatar da hujja ta asali — matsakaicin tsarin yana rage mahimmancin juna kuma yana ɓoye tunanin haɗin gwiwa — kuma binciken hukumar Columbia ya ba da wannan hujjar mafi mummunan bayani. Imel din Bezos na 2004 shine wannan suka a cikin layi guda: gabatarwa tana ba da izinin wucewa kan ra'ayoyi, tana rage kowanne jin mahimmancin juna, kuma tana watsi da haɗin kai na ra'ayoyi.
Hanyar Amazon: Labari da Dakin Karatu
Madarar Amazon tana da sassa biyu, kuma na biyu yana da mahimmanci kamar na farko. takardar shafi shida: takardar labari, jimloli da sakin layi cikakke, babu maki, yana bayyana mahallin, shawarwarin, sakamakon da ake tsammani, da haɗarin. Kuma dakin karatu: kowanne taro da aka gina akan takarda yana buɗewa da karatun shiru - kowa, ciki har da mafi girman mutum a dakin, yana karanta wannan takarda kafin kowa ya yi magana. Bezos ya bayyana wannan al'adar a fili a Taron Jagoranci a 2018; wasiƙar masu hannun jari ta 2017 ta ƙara ma'aunin inganci: manyan takardun an rubuta su da sake rubutawa, an raba su da abokan aiki, an ajiye su sannan an gyara su sake - ba za a iya kammala su a rana ko biyu ba. Falsafar yanke shawara da wannan al'adar ke yi - yanke shawara guda uku a rana, da rarrabewar Type-1 / Type-2 da ke yanke shawara wanne ne ya cancanci takarda - an fitar da shi a cikin kalmomin sa anan.
Tsarin yana magance matsaloli guda uku a lokaci guda. Daidaiton bayani: tattaunawa tana farawa bayan kowa ya fahimci tunani iri ɗaya, don haka tarurruka suna farawa inda mutane masu ilimi suka yi sabani maimakon a cikin bayanin da aka bayar a baya. Tsayayyen marubuci: rubutu ba zai iya ɓoye gibin hankali kamar yadda harsashi zai iya ba — marubucin yana gano ramin yayin rubutu, kafin dakin ya gano. Kuma dindindin: takardar sanarwar ita ce rajistar hukunci, ba kyautar sa ba — tunanin yana wanzuwa, ana iya bincika, wanda shine abin da ke sa shi rubutun hukunci maimakon wasan kwaikwayo. Tsarin zurfin na takardar shafi shida — da kuma tsokaci mai tsanani kan samun damar da ta samu — yana samun nasa tare da: Takardar Shafi Shida ta Amazon tana da Matsala.
Hadin Gwiwar Ci Gaba: Kamfanoni Hudu, Ka'ida Daya
Google: takardun zane
Al'adar injiniya ta Google tana buƙatar takardar zane — matsala, hanyar da aka ba da shawara, zaɓuɓɓukan da aka yi la'akari da su, da musayar ra'ayi — an rubuta kuma an duba kafin a fara babban aikin fasaha; wannan aikin an rubuta shi a cikin littafin Software Engineering at Google na kamfanin. Tsarin OKR (wanda aka gada daga Intel na Andy Grove, wanda John Doerr ya yada) yana amfani da wannan tsari ga manufofi: ka'idodin nasara a rubuce kafin aikin, don inganta samfurin ba zai iya zama a matsayin shiri ba.
Bridgewater: tsarin kyakkyawan ra'ayi da aka rubuta
Ray Dalio's Principles (2017) yana bayyana mafi tsanani: tarurruka an rubuta su, sabani an warware su a fili, hujja mai nauyi bisa gaskiya a matsayin al'ada — wata dimokuradiyya ta ra'ayi inda ingancin hujja, ba matsayin mai hujja ba, ake nufin yanke hukunci. Duk abin da mutum zai yi tunani game da karfin al'adar, hanyar ta tana daidai da tsarin: tunani an bayyana shi da kuma duba shi maimakon a yi shi a manta da shi.
McKinsey: Ka'idar Pyramid
Ka'idar Barbara Minto ta Pyramid - kammalawa da farko, sannan hujjoji masu goyon baya a cikin tsari na mahimmanci - ta kula da sadarwar shawara tun daga shekarun ta na McKinsey. Hakan yana daidai da wannan tsari da aka juyar da digiri ninety: mai rubutu dole ne ya san kammalawa da tsarin goyon bayanta kafin ya rubuta, kuma mai karatu na iya kaiwa ga tunani nan take maimakon zama yana jiran gina. Wannan shine tsarin guda ɗaya a cikin wannan jerin tare da cikakken jagora na kansa: ka'idar Pyramid a cikin daki-daki - dokoki uku da ke sa pyramid ta tsaya, gabatarwar SCQ, da yanayi hudu inda jagoranci tare da kammalawa shine kuskure.
Hanyar gama gari
Labaran, takardun zane, rikodi, pyramids - tsarin suna bambanta; abin da ba ya canzawa shine tsarin hujjoji yana gabatar da tattaunawa. Babu ɗayan waɗannan kamfanonin da suka inganta don tarurrukan gajere ko sauƙin gudanarwa. Sun motsa tunani sama da dakin, a cikin wani tsari da za a iya duba - wanda shine dalilin da ya sa taron kansa ke ƙara gajere da ƙarfi a matsayin sakamakon gefe. Daya daga cikin waɗannan kamfanonin suna bayyana a cikin kwatancen tsarin sabani, kuma iyakar tsakanin waɗannan sassan yana da kyau a bayyana: wannan ɗaya yana magana ne akan norm - wanda sabanin ya kamata a bayar, da abin da ke faruwa bayan an yanke shawara. Wannan ɗaya yana magana ne akan artifact da norm ke gudana a kai.
Amma shin rubutu ba zai rage mana sauri ba?
Kiran ta rubuta kanta: takarda tana ɗaukar kwanaki; deck yana ɗaukar yamma; ba mu da lokaci. Tsarin aiki na Bezos shine mafi tsabta amsa, saboda mutum wanda ya tilasta dokar rubutu shima ya tilasta dokokin sauri - mafi yawan yanke shawara ya kamata a yi tare da kusan 70% na bayanan da kake son ka samu, kuma lokacin da jituwa ta gaza, ka yi sabani ka kuma yi alkawari. Dokar takarda tana kula da yadda tunani yake bayyana, ba yadda yanke shawara ke ɗaukar lokaci ba; Amazon ta haɗa mafi girman tsauri a lokacin gabatarwa tare da rashin hakuri a ko'ina.
Triage daga littafin dabarun satisficing yana kammala amsar: magani na rubutu na farko yana nufin yanke shawara masu tasiri, masu jayayya, da wahalar juyawa — ƙofofin hanya ɗaya — ba don kowanne sabuntawa na matsayin ba. Kuma a lura da abin da lokacin rubutu ke saye: awannin da marubucin ke ɓata suna awannin da dakin mutum goma ba ya ɓata yana samun bayani, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ciniki ke samun riba a kowanne taro wanda lokacin mahalarta yake da mahimmanci. Taro wanda za a iya karɓa ba tare da jinkiri ba tabbas ya kamata a yi hakan.
Aiwatarwa ga Kowanne Girman Kamfani
1. Gyara taron daya na farko
Zaɓi taron yanke shawara na maimaitawa mafi girma — shirin kwata-kwata, duba taswirar hanya, shirin taron hukumar. Taron guda ɗaya da aka yi da kyau shine shaidar ra'ayi; canza komai a lokaci guda shine yadda gyara ke mutuwa.
2. Bukatar takardar gajeren bayani a rubuce awanni 48 kafin.
Sashe hudu, babu tsari na doka: abin da muke yanke shawara, abin da zaɓuɓɓuka suke, abin da muke ba da shawara, da dalilin. Ilimin rubutu yana da mahimmanci fiye da tsarin.
3. Fara da karatun shiru
Mintuna goma zuwa goma sha biyar, ko da yake an fitar da takardar tun daga farko — yana daidaita kulawa kuma yana cire rashin daidaito na "ban sami lokaci ba". Tattaunawa tana farawa inda mutane masu ilimi suka yi sabani.
4. Ajiye takardar tare da hukuncin
Takardar taƙaitaccen bayani ita ce rajistar hukuma ta dalilin, ba wani abu ne mai wucewa ba. Ajiye ta cikin hanyar da za a iya bincika; bambancin tsakanin minutes da rajistar yanke shawara shine ilimin kansa — kuma hadarin watsi da shi shine batun kris din ilimin hukuma.
Taron yana ƙasa.
na rubutun.
Ka'idojin rubutawa na farko, an taƙaita
Tambayar tantancewa
A cikin taron ku na yau da kullum mafi muhimmanci, wa ya fi shafe lokaci da tunani kafin tattaunawa ta fara — mai gabatarwa, ko mutanen da ke yanke shawara?
Inda Argumentree Ya Dace
Ka'idar rubutaccen farko, idan an dauke ta da muhimmanci, tana kaiwa ga tsari — wanda shine ainihin abin da kalmomin Bezos ke bayyana: menene mafi muhimmanci fiye da menene, da yadda abubuwa suke da alaƙa. Itace hujja ita ce wannan tsari da aka bayyana. Shawarar ita ce tushen; hujjojin goyon baya da na akasin suna bayyana a matsayin nodes tare da shaidar da aka haɗa; kimantawa suna nuna inda kungiyar take a zahiri; kuma dukkanin abin shine rajistar dindindin, mai bincike wanda takardar ta kasance tana ƙoƙarin zama.
Hakanan yana cire rashin daidaito na memo: masu bayar da gudummawa suna ƙara da kai hari kan hujjoji ba tare da jinkiri ba kafin taron, tattaunawar tana farawa daga tsari na gama gari maimakon nauyin karatu na gama gari, kuma ba wanda ke da hujja a cikin katin da ke ɓacewa lokacin da na'urar haskawa ta kashe.
Ka'ida a Bayan Dokoki
Harajin Amazon, takardun Google, rikodin Bridgewater da piramidan McKinsey suna da doka guda daya da ke sanye da kayan aiki hudu: tunanin yana bayyana a cikin tsari, mai duba kafin taron ya fara. Kwamitin Columbia ya nuna abin da akasin hakan ke cost a matakin tsanani; lambobin HBR suna nuna abin da hakan ke cost a kowace mako ta al'ada.
Ba kwa buƙatar girman Amazon don karɓar wannan ƙa'idar — kuna buƙatar taro guda, takarda guda, da ɗabi'a don karanta kafin ku yi muhawara. Slides ba su taɓa zama matsala ba, ainihin. Matsalar ita ce barin gabatarwar ta maye gurbin tunani. Gyara wannan, kuma taron zai gyaru da kansa.
Taron yana a ƙasan rubutun.
Matsa Tunanin Sama
Tsarin hujjoji, shaidun da aka haɗa, tattaunawa da ta fara inda mutane masu ilimi suka yi sabani — taron da aka rubuta a farko, a matsayin tsarin.
Hanyoyin Koyo & Karatu na Ƙari
- Kwamitin Binciken Hadarin Columbia (2003). Rahoton Juzu'i na 1Babban rikodin da ke bayan bude sanyi, gami da samun PowerPoint da aka ambata daidai.
- Tufte, E. R. (2003). Salon Hankali na PowerPoint. Graphics PressBinciken da aka tsara na tunani a cikin tsarin slide, wanda aka rubuta a cikin shekarar guda.
- Bezos, J. (2004). Imel na ciki ga babban tawagar Amazon, 9 ga Yuni, 2004 (kamar yadda aka ruwaito)Hana da dalilinsa — tsarin labari yana tilasta tunani mafi kyau; bullets a cikin Word za su kasance daidai da haka.
- Amazon.com 2017 Wasikar ga Masu Hannun Jari (Jeff Bezos)Matsayin ingancin shafi shida: manyan takardun tunani ana rubutawa da sake rubutawa kuma ba za a iya kammala su a rana guda ko biyu ba.
- Bezos, J. (2018). Maganganu a Taron Jagoranci, Cibiyar Shugabancin George W. BushBayanin dakin karatu da kuma mafi wayo abin da muka taɓa yi.
- Perlow, L. A., Hadley, C. N. & Eun, E. (2017). Tsayar da Hargitsi na Taro. Harvard Business Review, 95(4), 62–69Binciken manajan manya 182: 65% da 71% — kididdigar taron labarin.
- Winters, T., Manshreck, T. & Wright, H. (2020). Injiniya Software a Google. O'ReillyTakardun Google na aikin tsarin design-doc.
- Dalio, R. (2017). Ka'idoji: Rayuwa da Aiki. Simon & SchusterRa'ayin kyakkyawan tsarin taron da aka rubuta, daga marubucinsa.
- Minto, B. (1987). Ka'idar Pyramid. Minto InternationalKammalawa-farko rubutu mai tsari — ka'idar shawara da aka ambata a cikin rubutun.
Tambayoyi da ake yawan yi
Me yasa Amazon ta haramta PowerPoint?
Jeff Bezos ya haramta PowerPoint daga taron manyan ƙungiyoyin Amazon a cikin imel na Yuni 2004, yana jayayya cewa tsarin slide yana ba da damar tunani mara kyau ya ɓoye: tsarin labarin kyakkyawan memo yana tilasta tunani mafi kyau da fahimtar abin da ya fi muhimmanci fiye da wani abu, da yadda abubuwa suke da alaƙa. Ya bayyana cewa maki a cikin takardar Word za su kasance daidai da mummunan — abin da aka nufa shine tsarin tunani, ba software ba. Daga bisani ya kira haramcin a matsayin mai yiwuwa shine mafi wayo abin da muka taɓa yi.
Menene Amazon 6-pager da dakin karatu?
Takardar shafi shida ita ce takardar labari — cikakkun jimloli, babu maki, a kalla shafuka shida na muhimmin hujja — tana rufe mahallin, shawarwari, sakamakon da ake sa ran da hadarin. Taron da aka gina akan wanda aka bude da 'dakin karatu': kowa yana karanta takardar a shiru kafin tattaunawa, don haka dakin yana farawa da bayanai masu daidaito. Bisa ga wasiƙar mai hannun jari ta Bezos ta 2017, manyan takardu ana rubuta su da sake rubutawa a cikin mako ko fiye, ba a samar da su a ranar da ta gabata ba.
Me ya ce binciken Columbia game da PowerPoint?
Kwamitin Binciken Hadarin Columbia (2003) ya sake fitar da wani muhimmin zane na injiniya game da harin foams kuma ya lura cewa yana da sauƙi ga babban manaja ya karanta shi ba tare da fahimtar cewa yana magana ne akan yanayi mai haɗari ga rayuwa. Abin da aka gano gaba ɗaya: Kwamitin yana ganin amfani da slides na gabatarwa na PowerPoint maimakon takardun fasaha a matsayin misali na hanyoyin da ke da matsala na sadarwar fasaha a NASA. Wannan shine mafi girman shari'ar da aka rubuta game da dalilin tsarin slide wanda ya ɓoye muhimmin hujja.
Ta yaya Google, Bridgewater da McKinsey ke amfani da wannan ka'ida iri ɗaya?
A cikin tsarin daban-daban, a cikin ka'ida iri ɗaya. Google na buƙatar takardun zane — rubutattun bayanan matsala, hanyoyi da zaɓuɓɓuka, da aka duba kafin babban aikin fasaha (wanda aka rubuta a cikin Injiniya Software a Google) — kuma OKRs suna sanya ka'idojin nasara a rubuce kafin a fara aiki. Bridgewater na rikodin tarurruka da kuma rubuta sabani a matsayin wani ɓangare na ra'ayin Ray Dalio na kyakkyawan tsarin cancanta. Rubutun McKinsey yana biye da Ka'idar Pyramid ta Barbara Minto: kammalawa da farko, goyon baya bisa ga mahimmanci. Dukkan hudu suna motsa tunani mai tsari sama da dakin.
Shin bukatar rubutattun takardu ba ta jinkirta yanke shawara?
Amsar haɗin gwiwar Amazon kanta tana amsa wannan: jagorancin da ya buƙaci rubuce-rubuce kuma ya buƙaci yanke shawara tare da kusan 70% na bayanan da kake son ka samu, da kuma rashin jituwa-da-kare lokacin da haɗin gwiwa ya gaza. Ka'idojin rubutu suna tsara yadda tunani yake bayyana don yanke shawara masu tasiri, ba yadda tsawon lokacin yanke shawara yake ba — kuma ya kamata a rarraba shi kamar kowanne aikin da aka yi da niyyar: cikakken kulawa ga yanke shawara na ƙofa ɗaya, sauri ga waɗanda za a iya juyawa.
Ta yaya ƙungiya ƙanana za ta iya karɓar taron da aka rubuta a farko?
Matakai hudu: gyara taron maimaitawa mai mahimmanci guda daya; bukatar takardar taƙaitaccen bayani mai sassa hudu a cikin awanni 48 (abin da muke yanke shawara, zaɓuɓɓuka, shawarar, dalilin); bude taron da mintuna goma na karatun shiru duk da haka; kuma adana takardar tare da shawarar a matsayin rajistar da za a iya bincika. Ba a buƙatar tsarin shafi shida — tsari na rubutu da karatu kafin mu yi muhawara shine muhimmin abu.
Me ke faruwa da maki masu juyawa?
Suna matsa tunani har sai hankali ya bace. Wani silsilar makami kamar inganta gamsuwa → haɓaka NPS → ƙaddamar da shirin aminci yana nuna ikirari uku yayin da ba ya kare kowanne - kowanne harafi yana ɓoye hujja wacce ba za ta iya tsira daga bincike ba. Littafin Edward Tufte na The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint (2003) shine furucin gargajiya: tsarin yana rage mahimmancin juna kuma yana ɓoye haɗin kai, wanda shine ainihin abin da imel ɗin Bezos na 2004 ya faɗa a cikin jumla.
Gudanar da Babban Shawarar Ka ta Farko Rubuta
Argumentree na ba da tsarin ga takardar: hujjoji a fili, shaidar da aka haɗa, da kuma tarihin da ya wuce taron.
Game da Argumentree Team
Corporate Culture
The Argumentree team is building the collaborative decision-making platform Argumentree. Our mission is to transform how organizations make, document, and learn from decisions.
Littattafan da suka shafi wannan
Slides ko memos — me ya kamata kamfaninku ya haramta?
Yi hujja, a tsari, a dandalin Argumentree.
Shiga Tattaunawa