Karfin Hudu na Porter da SWOT: Hanyoyi Biyu, Tambaya Daya ta Dabaru

Hanyoyin Hudu na Porter da SWOT suna nazari a matakai daban-daban kuma suna amsa tambayoyi daban-daban. Hanyoyin Hudu, wanda Michael Porter ya gabatar a cikin makalar sa ta Harvard Business Review ta 1979, yana da alaƙa da masana'antu: yana bayyana yiwuwar riba ta kasuwa ta hanyar matsin lamba guda biyar — gasa, barazanar sabbin masu shigowa, barazanar maye gurbin, ƙarfin masu saye, da ƙarfin masu kaya — kuma yana shafar kowanne kamfani a cikin wannan masana'antar daidai. SWOT yana da alaƙa da kamfani: ga kamfani guda ɗaya kuma yawanci ga shawara guda ɗaya, yana zana karfin ciki da raunin ciki a kan damar waje da barazana. Bambance-bambancen aikace-aikace: Hanyoyin Hudu yana nazari ne kuma yana dogara da tattalin arziki amma ba ya faɗi komai game da kamfaninka na musamman; SWOT yana da alaƙa da matsayin ka amma ba shi da ka'idar inda ribar take fitowa. Hanyoyin Hudu yana fitar da hukuncin jan hankali game da wasa; SWOT yana fitar da kimantawa na matsayin ɗan wasa guda. Yaushe za a yi amfani da wanne: Hanyoyin Hudu don tambayoyin shigowa, fita da zuba jari game da masana'antu; SWOT don zaɓuɓɓukan musamman na kamfani a cikin masana'anta da aka sani; duka, a jere, don shigowa kasuwa — Hanyoyin Hudu na farko don kimanta ko wasan yana da daraja a yi, SWOT na biyu don kimanta ko za ka iya lashe shi, tun da masana'antar da ke da jan hankali na tsari na iya zama ba daidai ba ga kamfani ba tare da kadarorin da za su yi gasa ba, kuma wacce ba ta da jan hankali na iya aiki ga ɗan wasa tare da ingantaccen kariya. A cikin itacen muhawara, biyun suna haɗuwa a matsayin shigarwa guda ɗaya: ikirarin tsarin masana'antu da ikirarin matsayin kamfani duk suna zama hujjoji kan shawarar shigowa, suna haɗe inda ƙarfin kamfani ke amsa ƙarfin masana'antu.

Kwatancen tsarin

Karfin Hudu na Porter da SWOT

Wani yana hukunta wasan, wani kuma yana hukunta dan wasan. Rikicewar tsawo na haifar da tabbataccen rashin ma'ana — ga rarrabewar tsabta, da jerin don yanke shawara na shigarwa.

TL;DR

Hanyoyi Biyar da SWOT suna a matakai daban-daban — tsarin masana'antu da matsayin kamfani:

  • •Hanyoyi Biyar: shin wannan masana'antar tana da riba a tsarin ta? Amsar iri ɗaya ga kowane mai taka rawa a ciki
  • •SWOT: menene matsayinmu — karfi, gibin, da abin da ke shafar yanke shawarar mu?
  • •Don shiga kasuwa, tsara su: Karfi Biyar na farko (shin wasan yana da amfani?), SWOT na biyu (shin za mu iya lashe shi?)
  • •A kan itacen muhawara suna zama guda daya — hare-haren masana'antu sun amsa ta hanyar karfin kamfanoni, a fili

Babban bambanci a cikin sakin layi guda.

Hanyoyi Biyu na nazarin masana'antu: matsin lamba guda biyar — gasa, sabbin shiga, madadin, karfin masu saye, karfin masu kaya — wanda ke tantance yawan riba da kasuwa ke ba kowa damar riƙewa. Hukuncin sa yana daidai ga kowanne kamfani a cikin masana'antar, saboda ba game da kowanne kamfani bane; yana game da wasan. SWOT na nazarin kamfani: ƙarfi, rauni, damar da barazanar kamfani guda ɗaya, yawanci an danganta su da wata shawara guda. Hukuncin sa ba shi da ma'ana ga kowa, saboda yana game da ɗan wasa. Mafi yawan amfani da kowanne daga cikin tsarin yana farawa ne da haɗa tsawo — karanta hukuncin masana'antu kamar yadda ya warware tambayar kamfani, ko kuma fitar da matsayin kamfani guda ɗaya a kan kasuwa.

Kafa da kafa

Please provide the text you would like to have translated.Karfin Hudu na PorterSWOT
TsawoMasana'antu / tsarin kasuwaKamfani guda, yawanci hukunci guda.
Tambaya an amsaShin akwai riba ta tsarin nan, kuma wa ke samun ta?Menene matsayarmu, kuma menene ke shafar wannan zaɓin?
Tushen ka'idarTattalin arzikin masana'antu da ƙungiyoyi (Porter, HBR 1979)Tsarin al'umma — aikin da aka inganta, asali mai jayayya
FitarwaHukuncin jan hankali + karfin mulkiTaswirar matsayi + haɗin dabaru (S×O, W×T)
Wurin da ba a ganiBai ce komai game da kadarorin musamman na kamfaninku baBabu wata ka'ida game da inda riba daga masana'antu ke fitowa.
Nau'in gazawaKuskuren iyakar masana'antu; jerin abubuwa marasa nauyiKarin bayani marasa tabbas; zane a bango ba tare da hukunci ba
Sabunta rarrabaLokacin da tsarin masana'antu ya canzaKamar yadda aka yanke shawara

Lokacin da kowanne daga cikin su shine kira mai kyau.

Yi amfani da Five Forces lokacin da tambayar ta shafi kasuwa kamar haka: shin wani ya kamata ya shiga wannan masana'antar, me ya sa ribar take kasancewa haka, shin wannan tunanin zuba jari zai tsira daga tsarin, wane mataki na dabaru zai karkatar da karfi. Wannan shine mafi ingancin kayan aiki a duk inda amsar ba ta kamata ta dogara ga wanda ke tambaya.

Yi amfani da SWOT lokacin da masana'antar ta tabbata kuma tambayar ta kasance ta ku: amsa wa mai fafatawa, kaddamar a cikin kasuwa mai sananne, fifita zuba jari a cikin ƙwarewa. Bayanin masana'antar sananne ne; aikin shine karanta gaskiya game da matsayin ku a kan hakan.

Halin tuƙi shine shiga kasuwa da aka yanke shawara tare da lens guda ɗaya. Karfin Hudu kawai yana cewa masana'antar tana da jan hankali — kuma wani kamfani da ba shi da dukkan kadarorin da ake bukata yana shiga kuma yana rasa yadda za a tsara shi da kyau. SWOT kawai yana cewa kamfanin yana da ƙarfi — kuma yana ɗauke da ƙarfi na gaske cikin masana'antar inda ikon mai saye ke tabbatar da cewa babu wanda zai riƙe riba daga waɗannan ƙarfafa. Duk waɗannan kuskuren suna da yawa har suna da kabristan.

Tsarin yanke shawara na shigarwa

  1. 1Karfin Hudu na farko: shin wasan yana da daraja a yi? Fayil ɗin masana'antar da kyau, kimanta ƙarfin hudu tare da shaidar, nemo wanda ke mulki ko biyu. Idan tsarin yana gasa duk riba kuma babu wani kariya mai ma'ana da ke juyawa — tsaya anan, a farashi mai rahusa.
  2. 2SWOT na biyu: za mu iya lashe wasan? Tare da sanin tsarin masana'antar, kimanta matsayinka kan shi: karfi da ke amsa karfin mulki, rauni da tsarin zai hukunta, damar shigarwa da barazanar da suka shafi.
  3. 3Haɗa sakamakon. Nazarin mai yanke hukunci yana cikin haɗin gwiwa: shin ko canjin farashinmu (ƙarfi) yana raunana ikon sayen da masana'antar ke dogara da shi (ƙarfi)? Wani masana'antu mai jan hankali da ba za mu iya karewa a ciki, ko wani masana'antu mai wahala inda muke da gaske kariya, duka suna warware a nan.
  4. 4Yanke shawara tare da duka a cikin rikodin. Shawarar shigarwa tana ambaton hukuncin tsari DA na matsayi - wanda shine daidai tsarin shari'ar da aka yi muhawara akai.

Daya shari'a, daya itace

A cikin sharuɗɗan ingancin yanke shawara, duka tsarin suna ciyar da firam da bayani a matakan su na musamman — kuma babu wanda ke bayar da dalilin da ke haɗa su. A kan itacen hujja, haɗin shine tsari: yanke shawara na shigarwa shine asalin ikirari; hukuncin tsarin masana'antu ("ikon mai saye yana iyakance riba a nan") yana haɗuwa a matsayin hujjojin kai hari; hukuncin matsayin kamfani ("farashin canza tushe na mu yana rage shi") yana haɗuwa a matsayin martani; da kuma binciken da ke yanke shawara kan shigarwa na gaske — shin ƙarfi yana amsa ƙarfi? — yana zama kalubale da martani maimakon canjin zane. Rudanin matakin da duka tsarin ke jawo yana bacewa lokacin da kowanne ikirari ke ɗaukar nasa matakin da nasa shaidar. Duba ingancin yanke shawara don rarraba aikin da ya fi faɗi.

Sigar jumla guda ɗaya

Hanyoyi Biyar suna hukunta wasan, SWOT yana hukunta dan wasa — kuma itace itace inda wasan da dan wasan suka yi jayayya da juna, kafin babban jarin ku ya yi hakan a madadinsu.

Frequently Asked Questions

Menene bambanci tsakanin Karfafa Hanyoyi Biyar na Porter da SWOT?

Tsawo. Hanyoyi Biyar (Porter, HBR 1979) yana nazarin masana'antu: matsin lamba guda biyar — gasa, sabbin masu shiga, madadin, karfin masu saye, karfin masu kaya — wanda ke kafa yuwuwar riba a kasuwa, tare da hukunci iri ɗaya ga kowanne kamfani a ciki. SWOT yana nazarin kamfani guda: karfinsa, raunin sa, damar sa da barazanar sa, wanda aka danganta da wani takamaiman hukunci. Hanyoyi Biyar yana da tushe a fannin tattalin arziki amma ba ya magana game da kadarorin ku na musamman; SWOT yana takamaiman ga matsayin ku amma ba shi da ka'idar inda ribar masana'antu ke fitowa. Suna amsa tambayoyi daban-daban kuma suna haɗuwa da juna da kyau.

Shin ya kamata in yi amfani da Five Forces ko SWOT don yanke shawara kan shigar kasuwa?

Duka, a jere. Karfi Biyar na farko: yi hukunci ko wasan yana da daraja a yi — bayyana masana'antar da kyau, kimanta matsin lamba guda biyar, gano wadanda ke mulki. Idan tsarin yana gasa duk riba ba tare da wani kariya mai ma'ana ba, daina a farashi mai rahusa. SWOT na biyu: yi hukunci ko za ka iya lashe wannan takamaiman wasa — karfinka suna karantawa a kan karfin mulki, rauninka suna karantawa a kan abin da tsarin ke hukunta. Babban binciken shine hadewar: ko karfin da aka bayyana na kamfani yana amsa gaske ga karfin masana'antar da ke mulki akan riba.

Shin masana'antu masu jan hankali na iya zama zabi mara kyau — ko akasin haka?

Eh, a cikin dukkan hanyoyi, kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa guda ɗaya ba ya isa. Wani masana'antu mai kyau a tsari ba ya dace da wani kamfani da ba shi da kadarorin da gasa ke amfani da su — shiga bisa ga hukuncin masana'antu kawai yana nufin rasa ga tsarin da ka yaba da shi daidai. Kuma wani masana'antu mai wahala a tsari na iya aiki ga wani dan wasa da ke da ingantaccen kariya daga karfin da ke mulki — jagoran niche tare da ainihin farashin canji na iya samun ci gaba inda sabon shiga na yau da kullum ke gaji. Tambayar shigarwa koyaushe tana da haɗin gwiwa: tattalin arzikin wasan da matsayin wannan dan wasan.

Shin Five Forces da SWOT suna jituwa?

Kasa da yadda suke bayyana. Kwatancen Dama da Barazana na SWOT wani lokaci suna dauke da bayanai kan tsarin masana'antu ('sabbin masu shigowa'), wanda ke haifar da illusiyon na jituwa — amma a cikin SWOT, waɗannan ra'ayoyi ne na taƙaitaccen bayani game da halin wani kamfani, yayin da Hanyoyi Biyar ke samo su daga tattalin arzikin masana'antu. Ka'ida mai amfani: bar Hanyoyi Biyar su mallaki hukuncin matakin masana'antu kuma su shigar da sakamakon su cikin kwatancen waje na SWOT a matsayin shaida, maimakon barin waɗannan tsarin biyu su samar da sabani, nau'ikan ra'ayi daban-daban na irin wannan ikirari.

Bari wasan da dan wasan su yi jayayya.

Masu tasiri na masana'antu a matsayin hare-hare, karfin kamfanoni a matsayin martani, da kuma shawarar shiga da ta tsira daga binciken juyin juya hali.

Fara Kyauta — Babu Katin Bashi

Kyauta har abada ga mutane