Define the problem · Establish criteria · Consider alternatives · Identify the best · Develop & implement a plan · Evaluate and monitor. A memorable six-step model originally written for healthcare managers.

Observe · Orient · Decide · Act — run as a continuous loop. Born in fighter-jet dogfighting, now used in business, cybersecurity, and litigation. Orient is the crucial step, and cycling faster than your opponent is the whole point.

Recommend · Agree · Perform · Input · Decide. Not steps — roles. RAPID fixes the "who actually decides?" problem by naming who recommends, who signs off, who executes, who's consulted, and the single person who decides.

A contingency model that tells a leader how much to involve the team — from deciding alone (autocratic) to reaching a collective decision together (group) — based on how much the decision needs quality, buy-in, and information.