Mene ne theory of argumentation? Theory of argumentation shine ilimin tsari na yadda hujja take gina, mayar, kimanta, da warware. Yana rufe rhetoric, formal da informal logic, dialectic, da — a karshe — computational argumentation da ake amfani da shi a cikin artificial intelligence.
Theory of argumentation karatu ne game da hanyar da mutane ke yi wa juna hujja, ba kawai a matsayin ilimin logic ba. Ta fara da Sophists kuma aka shirya ta ta hanyar Plato's dialectic da Aristotle's Rhetoric (ethos, pathos, logos) da syllogistic logic, aka ci gaba da ita ta hanyar Cicero da Quintilian da medieval scholastics, kuma aka gyara ta a shekara ta 1958 ta hanyar Stephen Toulmin's model na tsarin hujja da Chaim Perelman's New Rhetoric. Rassanta muhimma sune rhetoric (sana'ar kulla), formal logic (inference daidai), informal logic da critical thinking (kimanta hujja na yau da kullum da fallacies), da dialectic (hanyar da ake yi wa juna hujja ta hanyar dialogue). Key modern frameworks sun hada da Toulmin model (claim, data, warrant, backing, qualifier, rebuttal), pragma-dialectics (van Eemeren da Grootendorst), Douglas Walton's argumentation schemes, James Freeman's model na tsarin hujja, da Phan Minh Dung's abstract argumentation frameworks (1995), wanda ke bari komfuta ta yi wa hujja shari'a.
Mene ne Theory of Argumentation?
Karatu ne game da yadda hujja take gina, mayar, da kimanta — fanni mai shekaru 2,400 da ke tafiya daga Girkanci na karni zuwa yadda AI ke yi wa hujja yau. Theory of argumentation shine ilimin kasa da argument mapping da structured decision-making.
An sabunta shi na karshe: 2026-07-02
TL;DR
Theory of argumentation shine ilimin tsari na yadda mutane ke yi wa juna hujja — yadda ake kulla, kai hari, da warware. Yana dogara da rhetoric (kulla), logic (inference daidai), da dialectic (hanyar da ake yi wa juna hujja ta hanyar dialogue), kuma a karshe ya zama computational: formal frameworks yanzu suna bari software ta wakilci da kimanta hujja. Amfani ya aiki shine argument mapping — kawo theory a matsayin pro/con structure da tawaga zai iya amfani da shi don yanke shawara.
Abin da Theory of Argumentation ke Karantu
Formal logic ya ce ko karshe ya biyo bayan shaida. Theory of argumentation ya ce tambaya mai zurfi, mai kumburi: yadda mutane na kasa da kasa, da maslahai da ke kulla, ke yi wa juna hujja don kai ga karshe daidai? Tana kulla hujja ba a matsayin shaida mai tsari ba, amma a matsayin aiki a cikin mayar — abin da zai iya kulla, tambaya, kai hari, da kare.
- •Yadda takaddama ke tallafawa ta hanyar shaida da hujja
- •Yadda hujjoji suke kai wa juna hari, musanya, da karyata
- •Yadda ake yarda da hujja mai karfi daga wadda ba ta da karfi ko kuma mara kyau
- •Yadda rashin amincewa za a iya warwarewa ta hanyar yarjejeniya mai tsari
Daga Sophists zuwa AI: Tarihin Mai Girma
Theory of argumentation shine daya daga cikin fannonin ilimi na tsawon shekaru. Wasu mahimman matakai:
Masu ilimin Sophist
Malaman farko na rhetoric a girka ta da aka yi la'akari da shirya ta hanyar koyo — wanda ya kafa tushe mafi farko, har ya zuwa Plato ya kaka su saboda suna neman nasara fiye da gaskiya.
Plato & Aristotle
Plato's dialogues sun nuna dialectic — neman gaskiya ta hanyar tambaya mai tsari. Aristotle ya kafa miƙa biyu: Rhetoric (shirya ta hanyar ethos, pathos, da logos) da Organon, wanda ya gabatar da syllogism da formal logic.
Cicero & Quintilian
Masu ilimin rhetoric na roman sun tsara sanya hujja da kuma suka yi ta'kidar matsayinta na kashin tsarin — shirya ta hanyar ayyuka mai kyau, ba kawai ta nasara.
Abelard & Aquinas
Masu ilimin tsakiya sun tsara logic na Aristotelian ta hanyar musanya — aikin 'for and against' wanda yake da alaƙa da tsarin pro/con.
Toulmin & Perelman
Sabon sake kunno wa yunkuri. Stephen Toulmin's The Uses of Argument ya nuna sashen hujja, kuma Chaim Perelman's New Rhetoric ya canza fagen daga formal proof zuwa yadda mutane ke shirya ta hanyar gaskiya.
Dung & computation
Phan Minh Dung's abstract argumentation frameworks ya ba fagen tushe mai tsari na computational — wanda ya baiwa tsarin AI damar yin hujja game da hujjoji wadda za ta tsira daga kai wa hari.
Rassan Theory of Argumentation
Fanni shine tsari na tsari — falsafa, harshe, psychology, shari'a, da computer science duk suna kulla. Rassanta muhimma sune:
Rhetoric
Shirya ta hanyar koyo. Aristotle's three appeals — ethos (amana), pathos (hali), da logos (hujja) — har yanzu suna aiki a matsayin kalmomi na ayyuka na hujja wadda ke motsa darsharta.
Formal logic
In ya biyo bayan kammala daga gabansa: syllogisms, propositional da predicate logic. Tsarin gaskiya, ba tare da alaƙa da abun ciki.
Informal logic & critical thinking
Kimanta hujjoji na gaskiya, na yau da kullun — gano mara kyau, jarabawa shaida, da ayyana hujja wadda formal logic ta fi tsarin yake.
Dialectic
Hujja ta hanyar yarjejeniya da ra'ayoyin kishin — daga Socratic method zuwa modern pragma-dialectics. Gaskiya (ko mafi kyawun amsa) ta fito daga yarjejeniya mai tsari.
Computational argumentation
Tsarin tsari na formal da argument mining wanda ke ba makina damar wakilta, nemo, da kimanta hujjoji — reshen wanda ke haɗa fagen da AI.
Key Frameworks
Tsarin na formal suna kulla yadda hujja take gina da kimanta. Wadanda ke da daraja:
The Toulmin model
Stephen Toulmin, 1958Ya raba hujja daya cikin sashen shida — claim, data, warrant, backing, qualifier, da rebuttal. Tsarin na hujja daya.
Pragma-dialectics
van Eemeren & GrootendorstYa yi la'akari da hujja a matsayin yarjejeniya mai tsari wadda take biyo bayan ka'ida — wadda take kaiwa ga warwarewa rashin amincewa, tare da sunan mara kyau a matsayin kuka da ka'ida.
The Rogerian approach
bayan Carl RogersTsarin shirya ta hanyar koyo wanda aka gina a kai ga fahimta badalle da yaƙi: faɗa ra'ayin kishin daidai, sami fili na gama gari, kuma koma zuwa matsayi wanda duka bangarorin za su iya amincewa. Abin da ke karyata da yarjejeniya ta nasara-kasa.
Walton's argumentation schemes
Douglas WaltonA kusa da 60 na hanyoyin hujja na yau da kullun (ra'ayi na masani, daga sababbi zuwa sakamako, daidaito…), kowannensu tare da tambayoyi na kimanta wanda yake jarabawa idon ya dace.
The Freeman model
James Freeman, 1991Ya sake tsara hujja a matsayin musanya tsakanin proponent da opponent, tare da propositions da ke alaƙa da goɗewa, karyata, da karyata — mai karfi a hujjoji na duniya na gaskiya.
Abstract & value-based argumentation
Dung, 1995; Bench-Capon, 2003Hujjoji a matsayin node tare da alaƙa 'kai wa hari'; tsarin tsari na formal wanda ke kimanta wadda set ɗin hujjoji za a iya amincewa. Tsarin na ƙima ya ƙara matsayi, wanda yake nuna dalilin da mutane masu aikata suna kishin.
Don kulla-to-kulla na tsarin na fanni da yadda zake kulla zuwa visual pro/con tree, duba argument mapping.
Inda Hujja Ke Fitowa: Argumentative Genres
Theory of argumentation kuma suna kulla genres na inda hujja ke fitowa — kasa don inda structured reasoning ke zauna. Biyu axes (written vs spoken, monologue vs dialogue) suna kulla four families, tare da digital fifth:
Written monologue
Ruba'iyoyin shirya, editorial, ra'ayoyin mutane, labaran kimiyya, rubuce-rubucen shari'a.
Written dialogue
Salon salon, majalisar taro, musanyawa ta imel, hujjoji na intanet.
Spoken monologue
Hirarun siyasa, karin shari'a, gabatarwa mai shirya.
Spoken dialogue
Muhawara, tattaunawa, musanya, taro na tawaya.
Digital & multimedia
Podcasts, webinar, salon salon na intanet, sharhi na video, fina-finai.
Inda kullum hujja ke fitowa, tsarin na underlying — claims, support, da objection — zai iya kulla da mapping.
Yadda Argumentree ke Amfani da Theory of Argumentation
Argumentree yana kulla shekaru 2,400 na theory of argumentation a matsayin aiki. Pro/con argument tree shine tsarin na fanni na tsari:
Claims, support, and attack
Kowace hujja tana da claim da ke alaƙa da dalilai wanda ke tallafawa ko kuma kai wa hari — tsarin Freeman na goɗewa, karyata, da karyata, wanda aka nuna.
Which side holds up
Wanda ke shiga sun kimanta hujjoji; kimantawa sun tara zuwa cikin itacen hujja zuwa mafi girman ci gaba — Dung's tambaya 'wadda hujjoji za su tsira' an amsa ta hanyar ƙungiya, ba ta hanyar masanin logic.
Testing the reasoning
Tsarin hujja ya nuna zafin alaƙa, rashin amsa, da mara kyau — al'ada na informal logic da hanyoyin hujja, wanda aka gina a tsarin.
From text to structure
Neman hujja ta AI ta canza rubutu da takardun zuwa hujjoji na tsari — reshen neman hujja na fagen, wanda aka aiwatar a taro na gaskiya.
Theory of argumentation shine foundation na argument mapping, structured decision making, da collaborative decision making. Shine theory; deciding well shine practice.
Frequently Asked Questions
Me ya sa argumentation theory?
Argumentation theory shine nazari na tsari wanda ke nazarin yadda hujjoji ke ginawa, musanya, kimanta, da warwarewa. Ba kamar formal logic, wanda ke tambaya kawai in ya biyo bayan kammala daga gabansa, argumentation theory ke nazarin hujja kamar yadda take faruwa tsakanin mutane — yadda takaddama ke tallafawa, kai wa hari, da kare.
Wane ya kafa argumentation theory?
Bai da kafa daya. Tushe yake a girka ta da — Sophist a matsayin malaman farko na rhetoric, Plato's dialectic, da Aristotle, wanda Rhetoric (ethos, pathos, logos) da syllogistic logic su ne tushe. Cicero, Quintilian, da masu ilimin tsakiya suka ci gaba da shi. Fagen na zamani an sake kunno shi a 1958 ta Stephen Toulmin da Chaim Perelman, kuma an bai wa tsarin na computational ta Phan Minh Dung a 1995.
Me su ne manyan rassa na argumentation theory?
Rassa huɗu na dabi'a da daya na zamani: rhetoric (shirya ta hanyar koyo, ta hanyar ethos, pathos, da logos); formal logic (in ya biyo bayan kammala daga gabansa); informal logic da critical thinking (kimanta hujjoji na gaskiya, na yau da kullun, da gano mara kyau); dialectic (hujja ta hanyar yarjejeniya da ra'ayoyin kishin); da computational argumentation (tsarin tsari na formal da argument mining wanda ke ba makina damar wakilta da kimanta hujjoji).
Me ya sa ya bambanta rhetoric, logic, da dialectic?
Rhetoric shine shirya ta hanyar koyo; logic shine in ya biyo bayan kammala daga gabansa, ba tare da alaƙa da darsharta; dialectic shine hujja ta hanyar yarjejeniya da ra'ayoyin kishin. Aristotle ya yi la'akari da duka uku a matsayin fasali daban-daban, kuma argumentation theory ke nazarin yadda suke aiki tare a hujjoji na gaskiya.
Yadda argumentation theory ke alaƙa da argument mapping?
Argument mapping shine amfani na gani da aiki na argumentation theory. Nazari ya bai wa tsarin — Toulmin's sashen hujja, Freeman's tsarin goɗewa da kai wa hari, Dung's lissafin hujjoji wadda za su tsira. Argument mapping ya canza tsarin zuwa diagram, kuma kayan aiki kamar Argumentree ya canza diagram zuwa itacen hujja na aiki da AI.
Yadda argumentation theory ke amfani a AI?
Phan Minh Dung's 1995 abstract argumentation frameworks ya bai wa AI tsarin formal don wakilta hujjoji a matsayin node tare da alaƙa 'kai wa hari' da kimanta wadda set ɗin hujjoji za a iya amincewa. Tare da argument mining — neman claim da alaƙa daga rubutu — hakan ya bai wa tsarin AI damar goɗewa na shawarwari, hukunci na shari'a, da musanya, kuma ya ƙarfafa kayan aiki wanda ke canza rubutu da takardun zuwa hujjoji na tsari.
References & Further Reading
Aristotle (c. 350 BCE). Rhetoric; da the Organon (Prior Analytics).
Ayyukan kafa: karin ukku (ethos, pathos, logos) da syllogistic logic.
Toulmin, S. E. (1958). The Uses of Argument. Cambridge University Press.
Tsarin claim-data-warrant-backing-qualifier-rebuttal; sabon sake kunno wa fagen.
View source →Perelman, C., & Olbrechts-Tyteca, L. (1958). The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation. University of Notre Dame Press.
Ya canza fagen argumentation daga formal proof zuwa yadda mutane ke shirya ta hanyar gaskiya.
van Eemeren, F. H., & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A Systematic Theory of Argumentation: The Pragma-Dialectical Approach. Cambridge University Press.
Hujja a matsayin yarjejeniya mai tsari; mara kyau a matsayin kuka da ka'ida.
Walton, D., Reed, C., & Macagno, F. (2008). Argumentation Schemes. Cambridge University Press.
A kusa da 60 na hanyoyin hujja na yau da kullun, kowannensu tare da tambayoyi na kimanta wanda yake jarabawa idon ya dace.
View source →Freeman, J. B. (1991). Dialectics and the Macrostructure of Arguments: A Theory of Argument Structure. Foris / De Gruyter.
Tsarin Freeman - goɗewa, karyata, da karyata a cikin musanya tsakanin proponent da opponent.
View source →Dung, P. M. (1995). On the Acceptability of Arguments and its Fundamental Role in Nonmonotonic Reasoning, Logic Programming and n-Person Games. Artificial Intelligence, 77(2), 321-357.
Lafin kafa na abstract argumentation frameworks.
View source →Bench-Capon, T. J. M. (2003). Persuasion in Practical Argument Using Value-Based Argumentation Frameworks. Journal of Logic and Computation, 13(3), 429-448.
Ya ƙara ƙima da matsayi zuwa abstract argumentation.
View source →Peldszus, A., & Stede, M. (2013). From Argument Diagrams to Argumentation Mining in Texts: A Survey. International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence, 7(1), 1-31.
Yadda tsarin hujja ya canza zuwa neman hujja na automated.
View source →Young, R. E., Becker, A. L., & Pike, K. L. (1970). Rhetoric: Discovery and Change. Harcourt, Brace & World.
Ya gabatar da Rogerian argument - shirya ta hanyar koyo ta hanyar fahimta da fili na gama gari, bayan masanin psychology Carl Rogers.
Daga theory zuwa decision da za ku iya kulla
Argumentree yana kulla shekaru 2,400 na theory of argumentation a matsayin aiki — a matsayin pro/con tree da tawaga zai iya gina, kulla ratings, da kulla. Kulla hujja zuwa better decisions.
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